Arab-Israeli War of 1948 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Arab-Israeli War of 1948 - Essay Example Observers claim that the Arab nations were not satisfied with the UN ruling, which they criticized greatly on the basis of great imbalance on the partition. Most Arabs claimed that the partition plan did not adequately balance the two groups. More so the Arabs, whom they claimed to, have been the majority. The UN voted in favor of the partition, ruling that the British were to terminate their mandate in Palestine in order to pave way for the partition to be implemented. Avi (1998) continue to argue that by the beginning of the Second World War; most Arab countries were under the strong influence of their colonial masters. Most notably were British and the French groups. He point out that Jordan in particular remained under the strong influence of the British thus acquired arms supply and military training. The Arabs countries joined hand to form the Arab league, which was mandated to coordinate the policies between their states after independence. According to Gelber (2006), the UN p artition plan was unanimously rejected by the Arab League of Nations. They declared holy war (jihad) upon all the Jews both in the Arab states and those living in Israel. He further claims that by 1940, most Jews had flown back to Israel from the Arab states fearing being persecuted. Consequently, he adds that the Arabs in Israel were encouraged to leave the country with a promise of returning after they purge the Jews land. Gelber (2006) estimates the number of Jews refugees running from the Arab states to be around one million (1,000,000), and that of Arabs from Israel to have been around three hundred and forty three thousand (343,000). War triggered a mass exodus from the Arab states. It is claimed that the Jews easily integrated in their mother country thus the claims that most Jews today are descendants of the Jews from the Arabic countries. However, it is also argued that, intentionally, the Arabs did not integrate their fellow Arabs who had escaped from Israel following war outbreak. During the initial stages of the Arab-Israel war, Avi (1998) observes that the British who were in control of Palestine, denied the Jews a chance to defend themselves. He further argues that this was done in many ways some of which were blocking those coming from other countries and denying them entry into Israel. Second, they outlawed Israel’s militia men as terrorists groups and denied them a chance to import weapons. In the mean time, it is argued that the British were supplying arms to the Arab countries and freely allowed them into Palestine. This is argued to have greatly compromised the Jewish ability to defend themselves against the Arabs. This continued until the British mandate was terminated. By February Benny (2008) observes that the Palestinian informed the UN Security Council that the partition plan could not be carried out without military aid. Because of the long process to come up with a defense force, the situation in Palestine got out of control. Benny claims that this resulted as disagreements raged the formation of the military forces without incorporating the support of the major powers. Consequently, war broke out in Palestine. He further states that the UN council blamed the Arabs for the war outbreak, with most of the western and European countries condemned Israel’s’ invasion by the Arabs. The British and the Palestine denied the UN Palestine Commission access to resolve the war crisis. Avi (1998) points out that, despite all the mounting pressure in Palestine, the UN did not suspend the partition plan. As a result, Israel

NEITHER PROFESSIONALS AMATEURS NOR BEGINNERS SHOULD PLAY ANYTHING BUT Essay

NEITHER PROFESSIONALS AMATEURS NOR BEGINNERS SHOULD PLAY ANYTHING BUT THE MUSIC OF THE GREAT MASTERS AND THEN SHOULD NOT ADD THE SLIGHEST OF THEIR OWN TO IT - Essay Example Originality, in this respect, is an important word. Originality may be described as a phenomenon that caters to the personal sense of creation that an artist indulges in. This sense of creation is something that is an outcome of the artist’s sense of aesthetics and what he or she feels will have a wide acceptance and appeal in the long run. In this regard, artists generally regard qualities like timelessness and mass appeal in the creation of work that will be demonstrated before people. Originality is an important concept for this paper due to the nature of the topic. Is it possible to remain original by playing classics – that too without adding a touch of your own to a piece of work? The role of originality here is in the creation. A musician may create a classic on his own and it will be called recreation. Most people might argue that it is important to render your own elements even when playing classics so as to ensure that there is a demonstration of how a person can improvise. In this regard, the counter argument is that the listener is usually not concerned with the technicalities. It very often happens that a recreation of a certain piece of work is not taken to well in its â€Å"improvised† form as there are constant comparisons with the original. This works against the musician in question, therefore making his work ‘a cheap imitation’.

Distinctions Between International Law And Municipal Law

Distinctions Between International Law And Municipal Law George, the Chief Justice of Ruretania, has been invited to sit on the ICJ as an ad hoc judge in a case now before the Court. After many years dealing with domestic law issues, he is now experiencing some difficulty in assessing the material submitted to the Court by the parties. These materials include: a. An article in the American Journal of International Law written by an eminent jurist; b. Draft articles prepared by the International Law Commission; c. A decision of the Supreme Court of one of the parties to the dispute; d. A United Nations General Assembly Resolution; e. A Treaty to which only one of the parties to the dispute is a party; f. A statement by the foreign minister of one of the parties; and g. A previous decision of the ICJ. Draw up a detailed memorandum for George explaining the sources of modern international law and advising him in particular as to the weight he should attach to the above-mentioned materials as sources and evidence of international law, drawing upon doctrinal aspects, relevant court judgments and opinions of authors. Introduction One of the primary points of distinction between international law and municipal law may be drawn from the nature of their sources. International law has been described by authors as a decentralized system which arguably lacks a predefined and concrete structure which discriminates between potential sources as to their importance and value in the resolution of issues  [1]  . The international judge does not have reference to a constitution, codes of law or statutes as in the municipal scenario. This is due to the fact that in international law there is no compulsory jurisdiction and any rules which a state must abide to are the same rules which it has expressly consented to, either by way of its consistent practice in the formation of custom or else expressly in the formation of treaties. Technically speaking, such contractual arrangement usually creating mutual obligations by way of treaty are the only source of international which is by its very nature objectively binding upon states, a reflection of the pacta sunt servanda principle in domestic Civil Law. It is for this reason that the law of treaties has been held to be a primary principle for centuries. Custom, on the other hand is primarily a matter of evidence. Brownlie  [2]  speaks of a categorization between the formal and the material sources of law. The formal sources are the legal procedures and methods for the creation of rules of general application which are legally binding on the addressee such as international custom created by constant state practice and the law contained in treaties. The material sources, on the other hand, provide evidence of the existence of rules which, when proved, have the status of legally binding rules of general application, here one can include decisions of international courts or tribunals, resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations and possibly Doctrinal sources. Brownlie continues to argue that in reality, save the usefulness in academia, th e so-called elevation of formal sources do not really exist in international law  [3]  as this would create a hierarchy which is not actually present. The Statute of the ICJ  [4]  constitutes a generally accepted list of the sources of international law ascribed to by the court  [5]  : 38 (1)The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. An article in the American Journal of International Law written by an eminent jurist In order to help the Chief Justice of Ruretania in the performance of the new role of ad hoc judge in a case before the International Court of Justice, we need to give guidance on how to assess and use the contents of an article published in the American Journal of International Law written by an eminent jurist, that was submitted by the parties as part of the materials to be used as part of the deliberations of the judges. Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice lists the traditional sources of International Law, which include the international conventions of a general or a particular nature that are recognised by the parties to the case, international custom that is evidenced by general use and acceptance at law, general principles of law as accepted by civilised nations and as subsidiary means to establish these rules of law, the judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified jurists of the various nations. At the time of drafting, the term convention was used to mean any sort of agreement, however with the passage of time this term was redefined to make a specific reference to multilateral treaties. Without any doubt these written, accepted and published agreements are the primary source of law-making at the international law level. The only situation where any other rule takes precedence over a treaty is where the rules forms part of the jus cogens doctrine. Jus cogens is a normative rule that is generally accepted by the majority of states and from which no other state can expect to be given a derogation. It is also argued that the international custom as evidence of a general practice that is accepted by law is of equal validity and importance to the contents of treaties as new customs may replace previously agreed treaties and new treaties replace older customs. Article 38(d) of the ICJ statute specifically states that judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations may be used as subsidiary sources and the court is entitled to refer to these publications. This is subject to the provisions of Article 59 of the same statute. Article 59 states that the decision of the International Court of Justice shall have no other bearing or binding force except on the parties of the case in question. However as part of the courts decision, reference to other judicial decisions and to previously published works of eminent writers may be made. The works of prominent jurists and scholars are accepted only as secondary or subsidiary sources of international law but can be considered to be an essential element in the development of the rules that are included treaties, custom and the general principles of the law. More recently, the acts or resolutions of the various international organizations are also being considered as secondary sources of international law. Draft articles prepared by the International Law Commission In 1946, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution to set up a committee of legal experts to pass on recommendations to the UN Secretary General on the ways the General Assembly could proceed in the development of codification of international law. This Commission recommended that the UN sets up a permanent Commission with the same task. Thus in 1947 the UN set up the International Law Commission which has as its objectives the codification of international law as well as solving international legal problems  [6]  . The International Law Commission prepares drafts, according to Section 20 of its Statute  [7]  , which are requested by the General Assembly or by government, by an inter-governmental organization or by a UN agency or on its own initiative. When the matter is brought to its attention by the General Assembly, one of its members sits with the Commission as a Special Rapporteur. In order to finalise a draft the Commission prepares a plan of work, receives written opinions and suggestions from the governments and then puts these together into a final draft. This final draft is submitted to the General Assembly for its final approval. B.G. Ramcharan  [8]  describes the International Law Commission as the vehicle for systematizing consolidating, up-dating, adapting, and expanding the law, and for giving an opportunity to the States [] to participate in this process. In The Work of the International Law Commission  [9]  any draft is given a dual aspect. On the one hand there is the codification of existing law as well as the formulation of what the Commission considered to be desirable developments in the field. How effective are draft articles for George? Although draft articles prepared by the International law Commission are a good indication of the general opinion on an issue in the international sphere (due to the opinions submitted by the States), these provisions are not binding. Therefore a provision in a Convention or a decision by the ICJ has more binding effect. In fact the 1952 draft convention on arbitral procedure, although it was described as unexceptionable and as perfect from a technical point of view, it still was not accepted as the basis of a convention as the members of the General Assembly saw it as over-ambitious  [10]  . Conventions concluded by the UN on the basis of drafts prepared by the ILC include the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations, Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of State Property, Archives and Debts and others. Drawing a comparison between the draft articles of one of the above and the actual Convention, one can easily see that most of the draft articles are adopted into the Convention word by word. I have carried out this exercise for the first twenty articles of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. In this comparison I have found that the substance of the articles has to a large extent been carried on into the Convention. Moreover the General Assembly introduced four other articles but removed only one whole article and two sub-articles. From this exercise I can conclude that the draft articles, before the Convention was enforced, were a very good indication of the opinio juris on the matter especially due to the fact that states give their opinion prior to the drawing up of a draft. Therefore my advice to George would be that when he has to decide on a specific matter, first he should look into written legal provisions especially Conventions which have the most binding effect. If his findings are lacking he ought to see if the ILC has drawn up draft articles on the matter (since these are a codification of the unwritten customary law). Otherwise George has to look at the other sources of international law such as court decisions and the opinion of publicists on the matter as laid down in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. A decision of the Supreme Court of one of the parties to the dispute As the name indicates, the Supreme Court is the most important organ of the judiciary of the nation. However, within the international sphere, this position is taken up by the International Court of Justice. This does not reduce the importance of the Supreme Court, but its authority is merely superseded by a more senior court, which regulates conduct between states. Nevertheless, there is a theoretical issue which divides this are into two schools of thought: dualism and monism. Dualist doctrine points to essential differences between international law and municipal law. This consists primarily in the fact that local legislation differs from international law in a fundamental way as international law regulates law between sovereign states whilst municipal law applies solely within a state and regulates the relationship between the citizens of a state and its executive.  [11]  This theory was espoused particularly by the German jurist Heinrich Triepel, who argued that in case of conflict between municipal and international law, a court would apply municipal law.  [12]   On the other hand, monism was espoused by jurists who believed in the supremacy of international law even within the municipal sphere. International law is seen as the best available moderator of human affairs, and a logical condition of the legal existence of states.  [13]   However, these theories were criticized on the basis that they hold conflicting views with the way that international courts ought to behave. Nevertheless, a state cannot refrain from its international obligations citing municipal law, as provided in Article 27 of the Vienna Convention which states that A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty.  [14]   Municipal law is also relevant in international law as has been demonstrated in numerous cases. In fact, many instances in international law require concordance with municipal law to function correctly, such as in cases related to extradition and protection of human rights, as well as treaties. Municipal law is important to such an extent that it can be used to determine cases in international tribunals. In the Serbian Loans Case  [15]  , the Permanent Court considered whether it had jurisdiction under its statute in a case where the point at issue was a question which had to be decided by the application of municipal law. It concluded that the duty of the Court was to exercise jurisdiction when two states agree to have recourse to the Court. The Court weighted the case and decided to apply Serbian law in this case. The role of municipal law in international law was closely examined in the case concerning Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia.  [16]  In this case, the Court observed that it was not called upon to interpret Polish law, but there was nothing to prevent the Court from judging whether Poland was acting in conformity with the Geneva Convention. Brownlie states that this statement indicates that municipal law can be considered as something which can create international responsibility. The general proposition is that international tribunals can take account of municipal laws only as facts to further discussion.  [17]   Brownlie also states that in the practice of the International Court and other international tribunals the concept of municipal law as mere facts had six distinct aspects  [18]  . These aspects are: Municipal law may be evidence of a violation of a rule of treaty or a customary law Judicial notice does not apply to matters of municipal law, as the international tribunal will require proof of the existence of municipal law In accordance with the Serbian Loans case, interpretation of municipal law by national courts is binding on an international tribunal Municipal law must be applicable to an extent within international tribunals International tribunals cannot declare the invalidity of municipal law and respect domestic jurisdiction International law may designate a system of domestic law as the applicable law  [19]   Thus, given that in some cases international courts may apply municipal law, George must not discard totally the decisions of the Supreme Court, but must use it in order to help him with the case he is assigned to. Nevertheless, international law still supersedes municipal law, as provided in Article 27 of the Vienna Convention. The United Nations General Assembly Resolution Hon. Chief Justice, in order to understand better what is a United Nations General Assembly resolution, it would be ideal to start by providing you with a short and background information on the General Assembly itself. The United Nations General Assembly is one of the five principal organs  [20]  of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. This means, that since there are 192 member states in the United Nations, each and one of them is a member of the General Assembly. Each member of the General Assembly has one vote and important matters such as the elections of members, peace and security, budgets, and the suspension/discharging of members, is done by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting. Other recommendations which are considered to contain less weight, are decided by a majority voting. As stated in the official website of the UN, the General Assembly meets under its president or secretary general in regular yearly sessions, the main part of which lasts from September to December and resumed part from January until all issues are addressed (which often is just before the next sessions start). It can also meet for special and emergency issues. The Presidency rotates annually and the President is voted for by the same members of the United Nations. It is customary that the largest and most powerful countries, such as China, do not hold the presidency. On the other hand, countries such as Luxemburg and Switzerland, although small, had the presidency in the 1970s. It is therefore important to point out that even Malta held the Presidency back in the 1990, when the general assembly elected Dr. Guido De Marco as president of its forty-fifth session. Although the power of the President is limited, he may accomplish much through his personal influence and political adeptness.  [21]   The UN General Assembly Resolution The General Assembly votes on many resolutions brought forward by member states. It is interesting to appreciate that since 1945, at least 9229 resolutions spanning a vast and varied range of international issues have been adopted by the General Assembly.  [22]   Whilst this record of the General assemblys formal concern, considerations and expression of views is indeed impressive, the fact remains that, except for budget and membership questions, General Assembly resolutions are not legally binding on member states.  [23]   The legal competence of the General Assembly to consider legal matters flows from the UN Charter. Article 10 gives the General Assembly the authority to discuss and make recommendations on any matter within the scope of the Charter, either to the United Nations membership generally or to the Security Council in particular.  [24]   In addition, the charter imposes two major restrictions on the General Assemblys powers to discuss and make recommendations. The first is embodied in the principle set out in Article 2, paragraph 7 of the charter, which prohibits the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state and the second restriction is found in Article 12 of the Charter, which states that the General Assembly shall not make any recommendation while the Security Council is exercising its functions in respect to any international dispute. However, although this might suggest that the General Assembly has no powers at all, resolutions have frequently been the origin of multilateral treaties drafted and promulgated under UN auspices.  [25]  General Assembly declarations had sometimes evolved into conventions adopted by the international community. Prominent among these declarations are those dealing with the use of forces back in the 1960s.  [26]   Hon. Chief Justice, it is therefore important for you to know that back in the 1970s Malta was also involved in a very important resolution, embedding principles related to the seabed and its resources. In fact, it was Arvid Pardo, a Maltese diplomat, who initiated a fifteen year process which led to a near-unanimous passage of General Assembly Resolution 2749  [27]  . The principles brought forward in the resolution were later incorporated in the Law of the Sea Convention. This eventually proves that although resolutions are not binding, they may influence the nature and substance of international law in many ways and may also have legal force if they are regarded as statements of customary international law. The General Assembly thus is not a World legislature. It does not codify laws or norms even though they are adopted unanimously and without any formal opposition. General Assembly resolutions are merely recommendations however the General Assembly can function as an instrument to collect and shape up into tangible form the international communitys customary norms. State practice then becomes the main factor determining whether General Assembly resolutions give rise to new norms of international law or remain merely recommendations. Such new norms subsequently are codified into recognized principles of International Law through the promulgation of special conventions adopted by the General Assembly and approved by the required number of parties. A Treaty to Which only one of the parties to the dispute is a party A treaty is an international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation  [28]  . They are generally held to be an ever-increasingly important source of international law and are a key towards the ends of developing a system of peaceful cooperation amongst states irrespective of their domestic legal particularities  [29]  . Since 1945, over 33,000 treaties have been deposited with the UN  [30]  . In Art.38(1)(a), the Statute of the International Court of Justice makes reference to international conventions establishing rules which are expressly recognised by the contesting states which may either be general or particular in their application. This article gives a very wide definition which seems to include not only bilateral and multilateral treaties but also any form of international agreement in any form. It often happens that the language of a treaty which is presented before the court as a document containing rules recognised by the states in dispute is not always manifestly clear and precise as to make it clear whether such treaty is actually applicable to the circumstances of the case. The court will proceed to interpret the instrument, therefore determining its scope and effect and applicability to the dispute in question. According to Art.36(2)(a) of the Statute of the ICJ, states may at any time and by common accord, recognise as compulsory the jurisdiction of the court in the resolution of several legal disputes which might arise between them, amongst these, the Statute mentions the interpretation of a treaty. In any case, the Vienna convention lays down that treaties must always be interpreted in good faith and in accordance with the ordinary meaning of the words contained within, given their context within the treaty  [31]  . The norm in public international law is that a treaty creates rights and obligations only between its parties, therefore third party states are not bound by any treaty which they have not individually entered into. This notion is best expressed by the maxim pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt  [32]  . Art.34 of the Vienna Convention states that a treaty does not create either obligations or rights for a third state without its consent. This reasoning had already been confirmed in the earlier case dealing with the German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia  [33]  back in 1925. In this case, the PCIJ stated that a treaty only creates law as between states which are parties to it; in case of doubt, no rights can be deduced from it in favour of third states. There are however some slight exceptions to this otherwise general principle. A norm which was originally confined to a treaty between a limited number of states may eventually become part of international custom through state practice and therefore achieve general application  [34]  . The position at international laws appears to be clear enough in regard to cases where obligations are imposed on states which are merely third parties two treaties entered into by other states. The situation may tend to differ in cases which concern the granting of rights to third parties. The question is over when, if at all, such a right becomes complete and enforceable by the third party state. According to Brownlie and McNair amongst others, the general rule is that the third state only benefits in this sense if it expressly or implicitly assent to the creation of the right.  [35]  The corollary is that the third state may refuse the right either explicitly or else simply by failing to exercise the alleged right. On the other hand, if a third state has accepted a right, the right cannot be revoked by the actual parties to the treaty if it can be established that the right conferred was not originally intended to be revocable, save the third states freedom to consent to such revocation or limitation  [36]  . Strictly speaking, in the case brought before Judge George the matter of there being a treaty to which only litigant (A) is a party does not have a bearing on the relationship between states A and B in litigation since B is clearly a third party to the treaty and is therefore outside the scope of any rights or obligations created or conferred by the treaty provided that B had not consented to any obligations created by the treaty or else accepted any rights arising from the same. A statement by the foreign minister of one of the parties Parliamentary statements are one of the modes to detect a state practice and the position a state takes in the international plane. The foreign minister on a number of occasions may be asked to elucidate the states position on a particular issue of an international concern, thus parliamentary statements, can evoke a particular state practice. A state practice is a general practice which is normally accepted as law. The other limb is that this state practice must be accepted as law and this is what we call opinio juris sive necessitatis. This opinio juris sive necessitatis is what authors refer to as the psychological element of states, this is because the state practice has to be accompanied by the intent which represent why the state acts in that particular manner. This means that parliamentary statements and therefore ministers statements in the international court of justice reflects and determine the state practice and what its position is. The Position of the Minister in the ICJ Another important thing that we must notice is that the International Court of Justice deems the position of foreign Ministers to be of a very important nature. This is illustrated in Belgium VS Congo delivered by the International Court of Justice on 14th Febuary 2002 where it implied that customary international law grants to foreign ministers as long as they hold their office the advantage of absolute jurisdiction and inviolability. The reason behind this is for the international court of justice to ascertain performance of the very importatnt functions that foreign ministers excercise when they represent their states. This clearly points out that the international court of justice gives a lot of importance to the position of the foreign minister in the international court of justice but the question that arises is Does it give the same importance to their statements? One must begin by saying that for a statement of foreign minister to be accepted and taken into consideration it must be in accordance with international law. In fact a point that was revealed in Military and Paramilitary Activi

Little Women :: Essays Papers

Little Women Summary of Part One Little Women tells the story of the four March sisters, Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy as they grow from childhood to adulthood. The story is set during the Civil War times. The March girls are struggling because their father is away at war and funds are limited. Jo and Meg have to work outside from home, not only because their father is away at war but also, because he lost all of his money trying to help a friend in need. Jo works for her bitter Aunt March. Meg spends her days teaching small children as a governess. When Jo and Meg attend a New Year’s party, they meet their neighbor Theodore Laurence or Laurie, as he prefers to be called. He is the grandson of their rich neighbor Mr. Laurence. Jo and Laurie established the beginning of a wonderful friendship. All the girls start visiting the Laurence home with the exception of Beth. Beth being the shy one from the sisters and afraid of Mr. Laurence decides to stay home instead. Mr. Laurence finds out that Beth is a wonderful piano player. He talks in private to Mrs. March, she helps him convince her to attend his house and play the piano in private. Beth makes Mr. Laurence some slippers, to show him her gratitude. Mr. Laurence touched by her sincerity gives her the piano that once belonged to his sickened and departed granddaughter. From that point her and Mr. Laurence develop a special bond. Meanwhile Amy is terribly in debt with her classmates. It seems that for Amy and her classmates is a pastime to trade pickled limes. Meg gives Amy money to buy limes. She purchases 24 and proudly announces it to her classmates. When she refuses to share her limes with a classmate she gets in trouble with her teacher. He then smacks her with a ruler. When Mrs. March finds out she then decides that is better for Amy to be taught at home. Meg is invited to a fortnight at the Moffats. She attends a party in which she is ridiculed. Laurie also attends the party and is disappointed by her behavior. At the party she also becomes aware of some gossip that is going around of her and her family. She tells her mother and her mother tells her to focus on being herself and to never mind the gossip.

The White Umbrella

The White Umbrella The narrator of The White Umbrella is ashamed of her mom because she works. Throughout the story, she begins to have a different perspective of her mom. In the end of The White Umbrella, she respects her mom and realizes that her mom likes to have a job. One of the things that helps her to realize that is she sees how much she loves working. Her mom says on page 332, â€Å"â€Å"A promotion already! † she said finally. † Her mom likes her job.The narrator learns that she loves her mom no matter what she does when they get in a wreck. The narrator says â€Å"†Mom! † I screamed. â€Å"Mom! Wake up! † Luckily, no one was hurt and she comes to realize that she does not care that her mom has a job. Back in the beginning, she is ashamed that her mom works even though she does not know where she is working. The narrator explains this when she is having a conversation with her mom; â€Å"†Lots of people’s mothers work. † â€Å"Those are American people,† I said. † In addition, she does not mention her mom’s job to her piano teacher because she is so ashamed and she and her sister have to walk to practice because of this. â€Å"â€Å"I don’t think so,† said Mona as we walked to our piano lesson after school. In the middle of the story, her mom tells her where she is working, but is even more disappointed. She still thinks it is like being poor. The narrator asks her mom to quit. Another reason why she does not want her to work is that the mom forgot them at practice. â€Å"† My mother’s almost here,† I said â€Å"she’s on her way. †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦You’ve been out here an hour already. †Ã¢â‚¬  She was ashamed of her mom working but now does not mind that her mother has a job as long as she is happy. The narrator of The White Umbrella reconsiders her mother working throughout the story.

Event Design Proposal

Introduction We are an event organization that is called Eventastic. This agency consists of six experienced and motivated managers that have worked individually after finishing their studies. Due to the fact that we were sharing the same interests, vision and mission we came together. Every manager took a big responsibility in accomplishing their role with professionalism and working on the concept towards a common goal. All the managers have worked in a productive way and our main focus was on fulfilling the clients' needs and expectations.We want to thank Mr. van Driem for giving us the opportunity to develop the concept and be part of the Olympic Games 2012 in London. Furthermore, we want to thank our teacher Ms. Cromme, for her support and inspiration during the realization of our proposal. 1. Event Company 1. 1 Description of Eventastic We are working with six professional event managers since 2000. We are all specialized in our own work field, as you can see in the organizatio n structure below. Because of our different cultures, we look at organizing an event with different perspectives.Besides that, we all have a lot of experience in the event world and work together for almost 13 years. Organizing the lottery of the ‘UEFA Cup’ and organizing ‘Queensday’ in Amsterdam are two examples of our previous events. We are committed to ensuring an event that brings exceptional results. We want the companies to not only love the experience of their event, but also working with us. 1. 2 Organization Chart [pic] [pic] 2. Concept London Olympics [pic] Our concept is the Dutch flag where by each color stands for something different: ?Red can be associated with fire, which stands for the Olympic fire and therefore the Olympic games, which should take in place in the Netherlands in 2028. Furthermore the Olympic games are standing for an international sports event. The red part of the flag stands in regards to the aim of hosting the Olympic gam es in the Netherlands also for the international openness of the Netherlands. ? White can be associated with wind, which stands for new ideas and innovation. This color should show the innovation of Holland? s products and companies. Blue can be associated with water, which stands for life or also survive. The Dutch flag is surrounded by an orange frame, which stands for the â€Å"Dutch feeling and experience† and furthermore it can be associated with our slogan â€Å"See the world through Dutch eyes†. 3. Venue Management 3. 1 Business to Business 3. 1. 1 Target group When it comes to the target group, it can be said that the companies or people from the target group are very important since they may be the potential customers for the event and there are lots of opportunities to collaborate with them.Since the subject is Sport & Dutch Leisure and Hospitality, the target group for B2B is hotels chains that people can make business with. These hotel chains can offer pack ages to other customers and attract them in an easier way. At this point, tour operators are also important since they can help to offer packages including transportation, accommodation and so on. They will contribute to have concrete offers for the customers. Booking agencies can handle arrangements related to the venture in the events.They can supply materials like speakers and so on. In addition, food and beverage industry is also important since it has some advantages to outsource catering companies. It is more effective and cheaper. In addition, event planners/agencies, marketers and sport events have the place in the target group. With the help of these target groups which can also be seen as potential customers that are aimed to attract to the event, the event will be a good platform for them to meet new people, do network and strength the relationships within the industry.The companies and people from the target group have the opportunity to meet each other and do some busin ess. They can also see what competitors do. It is also a good opportunity for them to follow new trends and developments of the industry. They can also promote their new or already existing products. In addition, this event would be the best opportunity for Olympia 2028 in Holland to promote to the country and get the maximum benefit out of it. And these people are needed for the event so that the objectives below will be reached:To promote Holland as venue for international sport events and conventions. To lobby for Holland as venue for European and World Championships. To promote the Dutch business sector â€Å"Sport†. To increase the Dutch export of products & services of the Dutch sport industry. 3. 1. 2 Guest speakers As there are six topics in our event, it is thought that it would be ideal to have six guest speakers for the seminars. The topics are shown again as follows: * Sport & Dutch Design & Architecture * Sport & Dutch Products Sport & Dutch Destination Market * Sport & Dutch Leisure and Hospitality * Sport & Dutch Medical Technology & Research * Sport & Dutch Nutrition For each topic, there will be one guest speaker who is from a leading company and is following trends and developments within the industry. The guest speakers should attract the attention of the guests but at this point, it can be said that it is almost not possible for one guest speaker to attract the attention of all guests as they would be from different fields.Thus, the best thing to do is to maximize the attention level for more guests. When it comes to benefits that both guest speakers and guests will have, it can be said that the guest speakers will have lots of benefits although they will not be paid. They will have the chance of meeting with new people and companies and/or strengthen their connections. Undoubtedly, for a guest speaker from a famous brand, it is not necessary for him/her to introduce his/her company to the guests since they are already known and reac h a prominent point in the industry.However, there are still some advantages for guest speakers even from a famous brand, like â€Å"to introduce new products and services†. With the help of this, the people or the company will have the chance to meet with potential customers both from guests and from other guest speakers and to make some business with them. It would be a nice and effective opportunity for them to introduce their brand or new services and products in business to business part of the event. On the other hand, it is necessary to analyze how the guests will get benefit from participating to seminars or why they are coming to the event.Guests are potential customers from the industry and that’s why they are there. Thus, it would be so useful to see new trends and developments within the industry. It is mutual; they can get benefit from the guest speakers and the other guests at the same time. When it comes to specify the guest speakers for the B2B seminars , it is necessary to consider the last trends and developments within the industries. With the help of this, the attendance and attention of guests will be increased.For each subject, the information of guest speakers is stated as below. Guest Speaker 1: Sport & Dutch Design & Architecture Guest Speaker 2: Sport & Dutch Products Guest Speaker 3: Sport & Dutch Destination Market Guest Speaker 4: Sport & Dutch Leisure and Hospitality Guest Speaker 5: Sport & Dutch Medical Technology & Research Guest Speaker 6: Sport & Dutch Nutrition | | |Time |Day 1 |Day 2 and Day 3 |Day 4 | |9. 0 am |Big opening event with 3D | | | | |Projection | | | |10am |Opening of Exhibition at the |Opening of Exhibition at the |Opening of Exhibition at the | | |Holland Business Promotion House |Holland Business Promotion House |Holland Business Promotion House | |11am |First Round of Tall ships are |First Round of Tall ships are |First Round of Tall ships are | | |leaving |leaving |leaving | |11am – 12n oon |Seminar on Tall ship |Seminar on Tall ship |Seminar on Tall ship | |12noon – 1pm |Sightseeing on tall ships |Sightseeing on tall ships |Sightseeing on tall ships | |1pm – 3pm |Lunch on time to network |Lunch on time to network |Lunch on time to network | |3pm |Tall ships arriving at Woolwhich |Tall ships arriving at Woolwhich |Tall ships arriving at Woolwhich | | |Pier |Pier |Pier | |3pm – 4pm |Cleaning of the tall ships |Cleaning of the tall ships |Cleaning of the tall ships | |4pm |Second round of tall ships |Second round of tall ships |Second round of tall ships | | |departing |departing |departing | |4pm – 5pm |Seminar on tall ships |Seminar on tall ships |Seminar on tall ships | |5pm – 6pm |Sightseeing on tall ships |Sightseeing on tall ships |Sightseeing on tall ships | |6pm – 8pm |Dinner and time to network Dinner and time to network |Dinner and time to network | |8pm |Tall ships arriving at Woolwhich |Tall ships arriving at Wool which |Tall ships arriving at Woolwhich | | |Pier |Pier |Pier | |8pm – 10pm |Cocktail party at the Holland |Cocktail party at the Holland |Thank you speech and closing | | |Business Promotion House |Business Promotion House |firework | Facility description 3. 1. 4 Location During the B2B event two different location are used the Holland Business Promotion House and three Tall ships. The Holland Business Promotion House which is located at the Woolwhich pier in London is the exhibition area where also the opening takes place.The stands of the exhibition will be for clients which HBPO invites and for guests who booked the red packages for the B2B event. The three Tall ships are build up and decorated for the business meetings. Each of them has a capacity of about 120 people. To guaranty a good atmosphere to network the capacity is decreased down to 80 guests per ship. All meeting facilities has Flipcharts, pad and pens, Laptops, PA system with microphone, internet connection an d more are on the Tall ships. These stuff are rented from the Nautisch Evenementen Bureau. In the appendix there are Floor plans of the tall ships and of the Woolwich peer where the Holland Business Promotion House is build up. 3. 1. 5 Decoration Holland Business Promotion HouseDuring the whole Business to Business event the different locations are decorated according to the concept the Dutch colors. Due to the fact that it is a business event it is necessary that the decoration is discreet to many colors and to many decoration material look not professional. At the outside of the building there are Dutch flags and an orange carpet in front of the entrance door. Additionally to the exhibition stands that are decorated individually by the responsible companies there are flowers like red, white and blue tulips. Furthermore all employees are wearing orange ties, bow ties or scarves. Also the cove lightning in the insight of the building is decorated in orange.From the Holland Business Promotion House leads a carpet in the colors of the Dutch flag out of the building. After a couple of meters it splits into one carpet for each color which leads the guests directly to the Tall ships. According to the different associations with the colors red, white and blue there are flambeaus at the entrance of the red ship, about two meters high classic windmills at the entrance of the white ship and lighthouses at entrance of the blue ship. Tall ships The employees at the entrance but also inside of the ship is dressed in a formal way with orange ties. The atmosphere is amongst other things because of warm light very friendly.The beamer that is also used during the presentations of the guest speakers projects pictures and short clips about typical, historical or innovative Dutch contexts. The rest of the decoration divers from the different ships like for example that there are red tulips on the tables of the red Tall ship and other colors on the other ships. On shelves there a re all kind of Dutch books and some pictures show impressions of the Dutch culture. Additionally to the Dutch flag that decorates the Tall ships small flags of all countries that part of the Olympics are shown on the ships. Hotels To let the customers of the Business to Business event be part of the concept the Dutch colors during the whole period also some parts of the hotel are adapt to the concept.As an example the slogan see the world through Dutch eyes is as an eye catcher written down on the keycards ( and the name of the sponsor). Impressions 3. 1. 6 Build-up and break-off – Information about coming exhibition guests needed 15th of July – Tall ships decorated in Vlissingen on the 17th of July. Before they leave at the 20th of July. (decreases transportation costs) – Opening 27th of July |Location |Date |Function |Position |Number Employees |Duration | | | | | | |(in days) | |3 Tall Ships |17. 07 – 19. 7 |Organization |- |1 |3 | |(per ship) | | | | | | | | |Build-up |Electrician |3 (1) |1 | | | |Build-up |Sound, Video, Light |6 (2) |1 | | | |Build-up |Set-up |9 (3) |1 | | | |Decoration |- |15 (5) |2 | |HBPH |24. 07 – 26. 7 |Organization |- |1 |3 | | | |Build-up |Electrician |3 |2 | | | |Build-up |Sound, Video, Light |3 |2 | | | |Build-up |Set-up |12 |2 | | | |Decoration |- |5 |1 | 3. 1. 7 Food and beverage For the Food and Beverage part of B2B, it is thought that the guests will have the breakfast at the hotel. So there is not anything to do with the breakfast for the F department. The guests will have a welcome cocktail every day in the tall ships. There will be snacks, appetizers and soft drinks too. The guests will have lunch or dinner at the tall ships according to their time of trip. All these things which called above will be free for them in tall ships. In the exhibition house, there will be beverages, snacks, appetizers and food. The snacks will be free.However, the beverages and food will be paid at the whole d ay. It is thought that the company will make collaboration with â€Å"La Place† in the exhibition house and they will give the ten percent commission from their revenues to the event company. After tall ship trips, there will be â€Å"Business Networking Cocktail† in the exhibition house. The beverages and cocktails will be free in these closing cocktails. For the menu list of welcome cocktails, Business Networking Cocktails, lunch and dinners, the concept of Dutch flag tried to be implemented. Lots of the food and beverages are red, white and blue which just fit into the concept. There are also traditional Dutch food in the list.However, there are still some food and beverages which are not from the Dutch flag concept and traditional Dutch food or beverages. Again, here it can be said that it still can be considered as carrying the aspect of Dutch flag concept, the color of red; international. There are some examples and images of food and beverages which are traditio nal in the Netherlands or fits to the Dutch flag concept: †¢ Dutch Dessert: served in a double glass. On the bottom there will be blue colored crushed ice, above that a glass with the dessert in it. First a white level with chocolate mousse. Plus a level with strawberries. So you will get: red – white – blue. Tiny smoke-house. Smoked food like â€Å"gerookte paling† are typical Dutch fish. In this moment it is very trendy to smoke your own salmon or eel (paling). Smoked stands for fire, so this refers to the flag (red – fire). It would be a great idea to have a place for a smoke house, where they can get smoked fish. Further, they can also get Dutch fish like oysters and mussels from Zeeland. This stands for the water which refers to the flag (blue – water). †¢ Red, white and blue cotton candies (a candy made by spinning sugar that has been boiled to a high temperature). Cotton candy is typical Dutch and you can make it in every color. Di nner and more: stampot and klapstuk, sudderlapjes and draadjesvlees. Plus pancakes (also for breakfast), poffertjes and oliebollen. †¢ Cheese with flags in it (cheese is typical of the Netherlands). When they make one's round with dinner-tray's, they can put a â€Å"Delfts† blue dish towel beneath it. †¢ Orange tompouce †¢ Orange flag cake †¢ Orange puffs †¢ Orange cookie (normally it is an pink cookie with glazing, but now you do it with orange. Above that every cookie has a head of one of the players of the Netherlands). †¢ Bitterballen. With three types of sauces: kurry/kethup (red), mayonaise (white), blue cheese (blue) Beverage Cocktail â€Å"Raisin' the world†.Bols Amsterdam 1575. â€Å"Flavour is not just an ingredient for a drink; it is what makes a moment, a night or a conversation remarkable and memorable. Flavour is what tickles your soul and inspires you to express your creativity and joy for life†. That is where Bols is standing for. To experimenting with ingredients and finding new recipes. For our concept we make our own flavour, our own cocktail with typical Dutch Jenever. Within this cocktail: blended Dutch Jenever, sweet red Vermouth, Orange juice and Bols cherry Brandy. *Orange bitter *Jus d'orange *Orange beer (you get this with a drip in the glass, before tapping the beer) 3. 1. 8 PackagesThe invited guests of the business to business meeting will have the chance to purchase one of three different packages with different inclusions for the event. White package The white package is called so because next to the event itself a discount for a flight is included. The flight stands for wind which can be associated with the color white. Package Inclusions: 1 seminar with dinner or lunch and sight seeing Opening and closing party Cocktail Parties entrance exhibition Discount for the flight Blue Package This package is called the blue package due to the reason that a hotel stay is included as well . The hotel is located at the London Docklands and the guest can enjoy the beautiful Thames while having breakfast at the hotel.Due to the location right at the water, this package is called the blue package. The available hotels are either the Novotel London Excel or the Crown Plaza London Docklands. Package Inclusions: 1 seminar with dinner or lunch and sight seeing opening and closing party cocktail parties Discount for the flight 3-night stay at Novotel London Excel Transportation to and from the hotel Red Package This package includes a stand at the exhibition which will take place during the four days of the business to business event. The visitor has the chance to show its passion for his products. Due to the fact that passion can be associated with the color of red, this package is called the red package. Package Inclusions: seminar with dinner or lunch and sightseeing opening and closing party cocktail parties Discount for the flight 3-night stay at Novotel London Excel Tra nsportation to and from the hotel exhibition stand 3. 2 Business to Consumer 3. 2. 1 Target group Our target group for the business to consumer event is very wide. Because of the different stages (red, white and blue), the target group is also very wide. At the red area there will be a lounge area, where people can relax and listen to lounge music. The target group for this area is almost everyone who loves to relax and nice music. At the white area there will be a great show with DJ’s and performances.For this area the target group are people who like to party and pop music. At the blue area will be all about water, with a foam party, showers and water balloons. The target group are people who like dance music, while enjoying water in different ways. 3. 2. 2 Program The program of the B2C event will be one time in a week. In total there will be two festivals during the Olympic Games. Over all, the process stays the same for every day. The festivals are in order to celebrate the Dutch achievements. In the tables below you can find the program for the festival area, which is divided into three areas: red, white and blue. An overview of the different areas can be found in appendix. Red area:When the visitors are tired from a full day of party and fun, they can take some time to recover in the red area. People who need a quiet moment to come down and just need a break, are at the right area. Here they can recognize that they are participating the most great full event in the world. The music that will be played is typical lounge music, which are known from the beach clubs in the Netherlands. During the chill out, there will be fire-breathing show guys who will entertain the lounging guests. At the end of each day, there will be firework, which starts with colors red, white and blue and ends with only orange. Figure 3. 1: fire breathing White Area Don't miss out on the best DJ's and greatest performers, while celebrating your nation's achievements! You will enjoy the greatest party in the world. You might even catch the Orange Fever†. This stage is dedicated to celebration and party. The combination of good pop music and a good atmosphere, creates a perfect experience for all guests. Figure 3. 2: White area Blue Area During the Olympic the hot summer days and the enthusiasm could be very exhausting. When the visitors need some refreshment they could go to the blue area. They can enjoy the foam-party, cold showers or participate in a water balloon fight. It is perfect to meet some new people and to refresh. Figure 3. 3: blue area, foam-party Time |Action | |12:15 |Opening field | | |Starting with house music | |12:30 – 23:00 |Start with foaming | | |Water balloon fights | | |Cold showers | All visitors can enjoy every area and every experience, in order to find out their own Orange feeling. Every area is related to one of the colors of the Dutch flag. The focus of the B2C concept definitely lies on building long lasti ng relationships by using the strongest connection tool in the world: Fun! Facility description 3. 2. 3 LocationThe location of the festival will be Greenwich. The festival will take place two days and it will include 20. 000 people. Why Greenwich? The location of Greenwich is perfect for this type of festival. It has an great infrastructure and it’s reachable in any kind of way. It is six minutes by DLR (Docklands Light Railway from the London City airport. It also has an excellent connection to high speed rail terminals but, also for the underground of London (Jubliee line Tube). Greenwich has also parking for 2000 cars and coaches and It has shuttles to any kind of accommodation in the neighborhood. Greenwich is also the location for many big festivals in London. -The Red Bull Air Race The UK leg of the Tour de France -The London Marathon So it has the capacity to handle a large festival like this. 3. 2. 4 Decoration The decoration in the three areas will also be in the co lors of the Dutch flag. Since there are a red, white and blue area, the decoration will also be in the color of the area. The Greenwich area will be deposited, so there will be two entrances. At the entrances there will be 2 Dutch flags and a large orange carpet at each entrance. Between the trees there will be banners with our slogan on it, to make sure everyone knows what the festival is about. ? At the red area there is a lounge area with couches and beach chairs.There is a large red carpet underneath those. Furthermore in the middle of the area there is sand on the ground to create a beach atmosphere. ? At the white area there will be a stage for all the DJ’s and performances. This stage is white and is decorated with Dutch flags. ? The blue area is divided in two places. The first place has a large blue carpet with two big foam machines next to it. This is the carpet where the foam party takes place. On the other carpet there is a possibility to just enjoy water. People can have water balloon fight at this place. 3. 2. 5 Build-up and break-off The building up of the business to consumer event starts about one week before the first festival.In this time the stages are being build, the F&B will be prepared and the place will be sold. Furthermore there will be taking care of the decoration, the toilet areas and the different areas (red, white and blue). After the event is done, it will take a couple of days to rebuild everything and remove all the above. 3. 2. 6 Food and beverage Food All the area’s will have a food court. This food court will exist from different kinds of food. There will be one food suppliers who takes care of all the area’s. this is to make it easier for both sides. There will be one manager who is responsible for the food courts. The food courts will exists of: Fish and chips |Let the people know that we are still in London | |Snacks |Typical Dutch: frikandellen, kaassouflee's, kroketten | |Frites |Typical Dutch frit s | |Cheese stand |Typical Dutch cheese | On this festival there will be food served just like any other festival in the world, but there will also be specialized food on the Blue area, such as: ? Slush puppy's Ice cream ? Dutch fish (haring) These stands will also be provided through the food supplier. Eventastic gives the food supplier the freedom to sell their own food. Therefore Eventastic gets 30% off the profit. The food supplier does not has to worry about the stands, they will be provided. Beverages The drinks will be served by our own volunteers. The drinks will be served by using the coins system. Every guest can buy an amount of coins. Price for one coin is â‚ ¬4. The drinks that will be served are standing in the table below. 3. 2. 7 Merchandising We arranged a sponsorship deal with the Jack & Jones, which is a clothes store in the Netherlands.When we promote the brand on the Olympic Games, they give us a discount on the cost price of 40% for the t-shirts and the cap s. For the typical Dutch goodie bag, we include an orange flute, information paper about the Olympics, orange balloons, a cookie (gevuldekoek). ? Orange shirts ? Orange caps ? Typical Dutch goodie bag ? Water pistols ? Sunglasses 3. 2. 8 Packages Red package (â‚ ¬65) †¢ Only an entrance ticket for one day at the festival OR two days at the festival (then it will be â‚ ¬100). †¢ When they book their tickets within the first 8000 tickets which are sold, the price will be â‚ ¬60 for one day. White package (â‚ ¬175) †¢ Entrance ticket for one day at the festival (â‚ ¬65) Included a return flight with Ryan-Air, when it is a flight within Europe. Otherwise they get a discount of 30% (â‚ ¬100) Blue package (â‚ ¬235) †¢ Entrance ticket for one day at the festival (â‚ ¬65) †¢ Included a return flight with Ryan-Air, when it is a flight within Europe. Otherwise they get a discount of 30% (â‚ ¬100) †¢ One overnight stay at the Orange Camp ing (â‚ ¬60) Orange package (â‚ ¬585) †¢ Entrance ticket for two days at the festival (â‚ ¬65) †¢ Included a return flight with Ryan-Air, when it is a flight within Europe. Otherwise they get a discount of 30% (â‚ ¬100) †¢ Overnight stay at the Orange Camping (â‚ ¬400 for 7 nights) †¢ Included breakfast for all days (â‚ ¬20) 4. Human Resources 4. 1 StrategyThe human resources within the company is a well-organized department that tries to motivate its workers as the first aim. As the company organizes events, the human resources is responsible from hiring new eployees, human resources planning, job applications, employee choices, education and improvement, performance evaluation, working relations, healthy and safety, employee and employer relations and so on. The department tries to motivate its employees and tries to increase productivity. It is tried to get maximum benefit from the employees’ skills, knowledge and capabilities to reach the efficiency and then effectiveness. The department tries to have the employees motivated and satisfied from their work both financially and psychologically.The quality of work is tried to be increased so that the motivation and the eagerness to work should be stable. For all these, some orientations and trainings are organized for the employees to follow new trends and developments and keep them on tie. And when it comes to concept, it can be said that it is the Dutch flag and each color stands for something else. Red is Olympic fire, international, Olympic Games 2028 and white stands for wind, new ideas, innovative and blue represents water, life and survive. And orange represents the Dutch feeling and can be seen as a frame of the flag. At this point, it can be said that the department is very innovative and come up with new ideas with the help of following trends and developments within the industry.It is tried to hire only Dutch people and people who can â€Å"see the world through Dutch eyes†. In addition, it is needed every employee and volunteer to speak also fluent English so that they can introduce the Netherlands well to people or customers from all around the world. When it comes to orientations, the aim of Olympic Games 2028 is tried to be imposed to the employees and to promote the Netherlands will be reached with the help of them. 4. 2 Outsourcing Apart from volunteers, the company will outsource the employees for security and technical departments. The reason is that these departments need more skills and render more heavy and prominent work which cannot be considered as â€Å"easy† as other departments like F&B.For cleaning and maintenance, the company will have volunteers. For the F&B part, the company will have two chefs to cook on tall ships. However, it is still needed to have volunteers to serve food and beverages. In addition, the supervisors will not be volunteers; the company will hire and pay for them since they need to have some specific skills to manage the volunteers and subordinates. Selection Recruitment and selection for the departments are going to be done with by the human resource department. The company will outsource the catering company and security. Supervisors for food and beverage will be paid employees. And the rest will be volunteers for the event.At this point, it can be said that all the employees should have at least some specific aspects as follows: ? Between 21 and 35 years old ? Fluent Dutch and English ? Eager to work ? Good communication skills ? Experience of work Training When it comes to training, it can be said that the employees will be trained before the event by the human Resource department with the help of the managers. The trainings will take place one week before the event. They will be informed about all details of the event so that so that all the things will go smoothly. Accommodation and Motivation There are some benefits for employees who will work in the event. They will have the chance to know each other and have an unforgettable experience.The housing will not be provided for employees however the employees can have the breakfast as a breakfast buffet with the others and they will have the lunch and dinner in the area. The department will give them tickets to get the food and beverages. 4. 3 Volunteers Instead of hiring employees, having volunteers is the best option for the event so that the company can decrease its costs. The volunteers can be found with the help of an advertisement on the website of the event. The people can send their CVs directly from there. At this point, it can be said that all the volunteers should have at least some specific aspects as follows: ? Between 21 and 35 years old ? Fluent Dutch and English ? Eager to work Good communication skills Selection This time, the Human Resource department will do the selection according to the criteria. They will make interviews with the people who applied to be a vol unteer in the event and then the selection will be made. Training Trainings will be implemented for volunteers one week before the event. However, the volunteers who will work for B2B event will need more time for training as it is more important. The HR department will manage the trainings with the help of facility manager. They will have the trainings for the subjects like hospitality, communication, bar skills and waiter-waitress skills. Accommodation and MotivationThe volunteers will stay at the Camp Sites which will be provided by the event company. The Camp Sites will be close to the event area and by doing this; the transportation expenses will be avoided. In addition, the volunteers will have the breakfast in the camp sites as a breakfast buffet and they will have the lunch and dinner in the area. The department will give them tickets to get the food and beverages. There are of course some benefits for volunteers to work in this event. First of all it is an unforgettable exp erience for volunteers which will bring self-enjoyment. In addition, it is a good opportunity for them to put their resume as a â€Å"volunteer experience†. 5.Sponsoring Eventastic will approach different kind of sponsors. For the sponsors it is necessary to connect to our concept: the Dutch flag. The potential sponsors are divided in Business to Business and Business to Consumer. 5. 1 Business to Business For business to business we would like to have Philips as a sponsor. Philips is already a well-known company, but at this event Philips can highlight another side of the company. The Olympic games try to be a sustainable as possible; Philips has also a strong focus on sustainability. Being the sponsor of this event, Philips can promote that they are sustainable. Also they get a stand at the exhibition.The event will get in return that Philips can arrange the light and sound equipment that is needed. Another potential sponsor for B2B is AVIAREPS tourism. This is a company th at takes care of destination marketing for the Netherlands. This company can help us with the marketing, by promoting the festival on their website. In return they will get free publicity and they can get a stand at the exhibition. 5. 2 Business to Consumer A potential sponsor for the festival will be Radio 538. This is a very famous radio station in the Netherlands, who are very popular with people at different ages. Radio538 can sponsor the festival to arrange the music in the blue area.They will get in return a very wide publicity and that may increase the amount of listeners. Also their brand is written on the back of the shirt of the employees. Another potential sponsor is Beach club Vroeger. This is a famous beach club in the Netherlands. They can arrange the beach chairs, couches, sand etc. for our lounge part in the red area. What they will get in return is free publicity and their brand on the back of the shirt of the employees. 6. Marketing 6. 1 Promotion We will describe the several tools we are going to use to attract as many B2C and B2B customers we need to make this event a huge success. Through several canals the promotion will be made. In the table below you can find them: Promotion |Canal | |Visual B2C |High flyer balloons with advertisements in all provinces | |Internet B2C |Website (B2B and B2C) | | |Twitter | | |Facebook | | |Hyves | |Visual B2C |A flashmop in Amsterdam, The Hague, Eindhoven, Utrecht and Nijmegen | | |(big cities). | |TV Commercial B2C On the Dutch television | |Radio commcercial B2C |Radio 538, SlamFM | |Invitations B2B |Personal invitation | |Application for B2B and B2C |Smartphone download | |Visual B2C |Advertisements on bus and train stations | B2B invitation package To attract the B2B visitors, we created an unique and exclusive B2B invitation package. We would be able to reach our overall goal: â€Å"Positioning the Netherlands in the UK during the Olympic Games in London 2012 as a nation that produces high quality sport products and services†, by making a good developed B2B program, enable networking and get introduced with the Netherlands. Thousands of worldwide fans will be attending all medal celebrating ceremonies.To make the invitation package more personal, we will invite them through a special designed goodie bag, which will be send to them. The slogan on the goodie bag shall be â€Å"see the world through Dutch eyes†. In this way they will be more curious about our program. This invitation package includes a personal invitation letter (name will be hand written), pen and paper and an application introduction as well as an application coupon in order to sign up. Students from a Dutch University will develop these app as a case for school. The following information will be involved: †¢ Program, with time schedule †¢ Maps †¢ Tickets †¢ Food and Beverage information †¢ Accommodation †¢ Infrastructure Transport †¢ Facts about th e Olympic Games †¢ Facts about Dutch venues When the recipient does not have a smart phone, he or she can log in on the website with his/her personal code and the same information can be found. To make a good marketing plan, several subjects you have to consider that have to be included: †¢ Competitors analysis †¢ Product description †¢ Market segmentation †¢ Pricing strategy †¢ Promotional plan 6. 2 Competitors analysis Eventastic has two different kind of competitors. First of all the competitors for the company as an event organizer and the countries who are participating in the selection for being a host country.The organization competitors: †¢ ISS Events †¢ Eventure †¢ Octopus †¢ Eventurious Competitors of the Netherlands of being a host country: †¢ Australia. Melbourne is considering a bid for either the 2024 or 2028 Summer Olympics. †¢ Canada vs. United States. †¢ Kenya These three mentioned above are potential host countries for the Olympic Games in 2028. 6. 3 Product description B2C The focus is on what is important within the Dutch culture. The B2C concept is focusing on celebrating the achievements together, where different nationalities will be involved. The most important Dutch elements will be showed to the guests: the three colors of our flag (red, white, blue).Red also stands for the sunset, white for the beach we have in the Netherlands and blue for the North Sea. Thereby, the color orange, the famous Dutch artists and DJ's, typical Dutch snacks and the famous festival experience. Connecting to our slogan: see the world through Dutch eyes, we let the visitors see how the Netherlands celebrate celebrations. People who are attending this event have different kinds of needs and that is why we organize areas with different themes all at the same location. The guests are able to be involved at every area with just being in one. On the festival areas there will be screens, where they c an see how the party is going on the other area. Thereby, people can tweet, so they will be connected with each other. B2BIt is important to promote Holland as a country that has a lot to offer, so connecting with each other is very important. The business to business concept is focused on giving the entrepreneurs a chance to network, at one place, with people from all over the world. The Netherlands will be promoted worldwide, due to increase the Netherlands visibility to a large amount of business audience. 6. 4 Marketing segmentation B2C It is important to know your audience, if you have to organize an event on a scale like the Olympics. Sport fans from all over the world is our audience for the B2C concept. We took a closer look at the customers, to discover if our concept meets the wishes and needs of our target group. So we selected some criteria to segment the audience.The research, to get to know how we can involve their needs into our concept, is based on several segment cr iteria and the Euro Social Style. We divided the segment criteria into three groups: †¢ Demographic †¢ Psychographic †¢ Behavior To get a more specific point of view, we divided these criteria into subgroups. Because we have two different kind of events, there will be two different kind of target groups. The Business to Consumer (B2C) target group will be described below. Demographic criteria The visitors who come to the Olympic Games are sport fans. These fans can consist of adults or young people. Age The young people, who are attending the Olympic Games, have the age between 16 and 25 years old.This generation, the young people who are born between 1977 and 1994, is called Generation Y. The adults have the age between 25 and 35 years old. Social class There is a high differentiation between the type of sport fans. This group consists of the lower, middle and higher class. The middle class group is the biggest one of sport fans and they want to spend money to go to an event, so that is the group we are focusing on. This group is also called as â€Å"Dink†. They are younger couples of 25 years and older and have a double income and no kids. Psychographic criteria Personality Our target group are familiar with computers and internet and easily spends money.They have less time for leisure, so they buy things online (do their banking online and works at home also in the weekend). They are quite egocentric, they life in a do it yourself culture. Furthermore, they are digitally oriented. They always want to have internet, wherever they are. Finally, they knows and feels exactly which brand is the right brand for them. â€Å"Gen Y is seeking more, after than just friendships. They want community to be understood, accepted, respected and included† (the Australian leadership foundation). They strive to make realize what their peers expect of them and their self respect often rests on how well regarded they are in their group. They are ver y loyal to their friends (Kotler, 2009) LifestyleFor this target group, it is important to follow up on trends. Generation Y is an attractive group for marketers, because they always want the newest of the newest. Some interests are that they like to spend their spare time the most on: going to a party (74%), listening to the radio (74%) and going to a movie (72%). They are also interested in sports and healthy food. Behavior Consumption Generation Y is not raised in a time of financial crisis. The younger people do not have financial responsibilities: their parents, the baby boomers, have a high income and they are raised in a time of using credit cards and loans. That is why their consumption behavior is high.Because of the fast technological developments, there is a high change of products. Generation Y always want to have the newest things, so they change their products very fast. They are willing to invest a lot of money to get involved into a certain group. Brand loyalty When it comes down to brands, they are not very brand loyal. Because they want to follow the trends, so they want to buy the trends which is trendy in a certain moment. Sometimes they want to wear a specific brand, because then they have the feeling they belong to a kind of group. Marketing segmentation B2B An event like the Olympics has an enormous scale with people, so it is important to know the audience. Our audience comes from all over the world.We selected some criteria, to make our audience more specific for out B2B concept. We took a closer look at the business people, to discover if our concept meets the need and wishes of the target group. In this way, we know how we can involve their needs into our concept. It is based on several segment criteria and the Euro Social Style: †¢Demographic †¢Psychographic †¢Behavior Demographic criteria The target group of our B2B concept consists of business people. These are the Baby Boomers and Generation X. Age Generation X hav e an age between 35 and 46 years old, they are born between 1965 and 1976. The Baby Boomers have an age between 47 and 65 years old and are born between 1946 and 1964 Social classThe Baby Boomers are in all kind of different classes, but we will be more focused on the prosperous and better educated segments. During a lot of years they have a lot of nicknames, such as yuppies, yummies, dinky's, DEWK's and sloppies (Kotler, 2009). The Baby Boomers belong to the welfare or higher social classes, because of their parents. They had enough money and a high education, so they could send their children to school. This also applies for Generation X. Psychographic criteria Personality The personality of the Baby Boomers mostly exists of that they are independent, active, ambitious and career oriented. They always want to be informed about the news and they are interested in classical music, health care and travelling.On the other hand we have Generation X, who want to remain traditional famil ies and want availability for their children. They created a more cautious economic awareness, because they grew up in an economical crisis. They want to be informed about the regional news and are more aware of products prices. Their interests are music, movies, travelling and raising their kids. Lifestyle Every day, the Baby Boomers are watching television for 2 or 3 hours, of whom 61% is interested in Dutch television (NL 1). 84% of the Baby Boomers uses internet. To compare prices, they make use of advertisements or the internet. Because they have enough money, they can make life comfortable for themselves. They go more than once a year on a holiday.Generation X is more busy with visiting family and friends, shopping and going to a movie. As well as the Baby Boomers, they compare prices on the internet and watch television for 2 or 3 hours every day, but they have more interest in RTL4. The biggest difference between these two, is the interests and income. Behavior Consumption T he most Baby Boomers are doing their purchases at the Dutch store Albert Heijn. Is there is a discount at another shop, like Aldi, C1000 or Lidl, they will go to that store. Most of their money is spend on hot meals, going out for dinner, computers and holidays. Generation X does the same thing with their purchases and their spending pattern. Brand loyaltyTo buy well-known brands gives both of the generations a certain status. They stick to a brand, because they are used to it and know exactly what they deliver. 6. 5 Pricing strategy B2C It is important that there is a good price for the customers, because they have to buy the ticket. That is why Eventastic uses buyers' perception of value as the key to pricing. First we analyze the customers' needs and value perception. A price is set to match the customers' perceived value, based upon the needs and value perception. Visitors want some experience during the event, so they want value for their price. If it is worth it, they are will ing to pay a high price.So quantity and quality have to be equal. [pic] Figure 6. 1: pricing strategy To attain more specific objectives, for example to attract as much as B2C guests as possible, Eventastic uses this price strategy. If there will come more people to the festival, the more the Orange feeling is presented. B2B As been mentioned above, it is important to create a good price for the customers. Therefore, you have to understand the value of a product or service completely. First you have to analyze the customers' needs and value perception. So with this, the prices will match with the customers' perceived value. The target group of our B2B concept is hotel chains that people can make business. he target group for B2B is hotels chains that people can make business. To attain more specific objectives, we uses this price strategy to attain more specific objectives (see picture above). 6. 6 Promotional plan Advertising †¢ Sport magazines †¢ Internet †¢ Flyers †¢ Brochures †¢ Newspapers †¢ Advertisement published on busses, in London and in the Netherlands †¢ Broadcast advertising Media Relations Campaign †¢ Press releases through the internet Promotional activities †¢ Sponsorships Merchandising †¢ Orange shirts †¢ Orange caps †¢ Typical Dutch goodie bag †¢ Water pistols 7. Risk analysis The B2B event takes place at two different locations the Tall ships and the Holland Business Promotion house.The B2C event takes place at the festival area in Greenwich at the orange festival plaza. There are a couple of risks that Eventastic needs to be aware of amongst others financial risks, legal risks and technological risks. A general risk is the Weather. London is well known for the fact that it rains very often also during the summer. In the HBPH and within the Tall-ships it is not necessary to calculate this risk because it is inside. For the outside area between the ships and the weather deck on the tall ships pavilions and umbrellas are available. During the B2C festival ponchos can be bought. Furthermore is first aid equipment at all locations available and for the security a professional Security company is hired.Financial risks Bad occupation, accidents, damages etc are part of the financial risks Eventastic needs to be aware of. To minimize these risks â‚ ¬75. 000 for insurances and for â‚ ¬45. 000 for unexpected costs are calculated. Furthermore we try to sell as many tickets as possible before hand. Because of this you get earlier money in and can react on less bookings by reduce the number of employees, food and beverage etc. To increase the number of early bookings until one week before the event customers get a small discount of 5â‚ ¬. Legal risks To react on legal risks Insurances regarding employees and guests and possible risks like fire are available.Additionally Licenses and legal compliances are organized by specialist â€Å"orange connection†. Technological risks To minimize the technological risks Technological assistants are available at each location. If a computer or other technological equipment is broken that cannot be fixed by the technological assistants Evantastic is in communication with external organization: if technical equipment does not work a company that delivers new equipment is reachable 1 7. 1 Crowd management Communication To manage a crowd in the right way is absolutely necessary that the communication is done in the best way that is possible. To do this each employee as well as volunteers will be informed about fire escapes etc before the events start.This will be done during a safety briefing before the events. The communication â€Å"between staff† needs to be good during the whole event. Because of this employees are connected with headsets during the whole events to guarantee a good communication. Another communication aspect is the communication between guests and employees. By using threshold points the communication to inform and guide the customers is optimized. If something happens all people will directly and clear informed by using PA system about what happens and what to do in a calm way. All Emergency exits have visible signs that are not just on walls but also at the exhibition stands, bars, snack bars etc.These signs are according to the target group available in Dutch and English Festival area A specific communication part of the crowd management are the brochures at the festival area which are available at the entrance and at the F&B areas. They give information about the program as well as an area plan including emergency exits. Control the density To control the density it is necessary to know how many people can be at same spot at the same time. By doing this a maximum legal density is at about 70%. 100% should be if 2,4 people are on one square meter. Holland Business Promotion House Just during the opening the density in the HBPH is higher.A max imum of 1920 guests are at the same time at the exhibition area. There is one bigger entrance that is also used as an exit and two emergency exits. All three exits are in different direction so that it would be easy to leave the building (Appendix II). The HBPH has about 2. 000sqm. Exclusive about 650m? stage and exhibition stand there are 1. 350m? left that need to care a maximum of 1. 920 people. The security standard is a maximum of 70% density for events. Regarding to the mentioned figures during the opening the density would be 59% so under the security standard. 1. 920 people / 1. 350m? = 59% density Tall-Ships The Tall-ships have a capacity of 120 guests.To guarantee safety and a good atmosphere the capacity of each ship is reduced to 80 guests on one ship at the same time. Through security control and good communication between the employees at the entrance of the Tall-ships not all guests will enter the ships at the same time. That is why there will be no bottleneck at the entrance. Festival area To reduce the pressure of the crowed the tickets can be bought and print in advance though website. The festival area in Greenwich at the orange festival plaza has a size of 25. 000 sqm. There from are approximately 5. 000 sqm for stages, shops, sanitay facilities etc. With a maximum number of expected guest of 10. 000 visitors a day the density should be 70% on 17. 000 sqm. Due to the fact that there are about 20. 00 sqm left the maximum density is definitely lower than 70%. But still there are some bottlenecks for example the entrance area. As it is visualized below the entrance and exit part is not the same so that there is no movement in two direction. Hence are the merchandise stands good visible from the entrance but not too close to the entrance. By doing this people do not block the entrance area and the merchandise is still close enough to the entrance. Figure 7. 1: entrance area Apply safety standards Eventastic does furthermore apply some safety st andards like good visible signs with security exists, first aid, extinguisher etc that are of course also available. Tall-shipsAdditionally to the safety standards that are at all three locations the same there are life jackets available on the tall ships. Festival area At the festival area a Security check for weapons , fire work, glass etc. is done by a professional security company. Signs inform guests about reasons for the security check and about the way of doing it are readable from 20 to 25 meter before the entrance. There is a No glass policy to reduce the risk of injury because of glass on the ground etc. Moreover crowd control thru security and fences are down to ensure the safety of all guests and employees. 8. Financial 8. 1 Financial part for the business to business event Descrption of Costs |Costs |Percentage | |Marketing |90. 500,00 â‚ ¬ |17% | |Adverts |60. 000,00 â‚ ¬ | | |Publicity Costs |20. 000,00 â‚ ¬ | | |Document Prints |1. 000,00 â‚ ¬ | | |Websit es |2. 00,00 â‚ ¬ | | |Invitations |6. 000,00 â‚ ¬ | | |Signage |1. 500,00 â‚ ¬ | | | | | | |Decoration |25. 000,00 â‚ ¬ |5% | | | | | |Rental Costs |37. 00,00 â‚ ¬ |7% | |Technical Equipment |20. 000 â‚ ¬ | | |Stands for Exhibition |2. 400 â‚ ¬ | | | | | | |Shows |50. 000,00 â‚ ¬ |9% | |3D Projection Opening |40. 000,00 â‚ ¬ | | |Firework |10. 00,00 â‚ ¬ | | | | | | |Staff Costs |16. 350,00 â‚ ¬ |3% | | | | | |Food and Beverage |216. 750,00 â‚ ¬ |41% | |Lunch/Dinner on tall ships |152. 000,00 â‚ ¬ | | |Networking closing party |60. 000,00 â‚ ¬ | | |F&B for volunteers |4. 00 â‚ ¬ | | |Drinks for Exhibition Hall |750 â‚ ¬ | | | | | | |Transportation Costs |33. 000,00 â‚ ¬ |6% | |Trasnportation of goods |30. 000 â‚ ¬ | | |Transportation for volunteers |3. 000 â‚ ¬ | | | | | | |Unexpected Costs |20. 00,00 â‚ ¬ |3% | | | | | |Licenses etc |20. 000,00 â‚ ¬ |3% | |

Convicted Criminals essays

Convicted Criminals essays How should we treat convicted criminals Convicted criminals have been judged and tried by a jury of twelve. When found guilty and housed in a penitentiary they should lose all their rights as a citizen. Once imprisoned they are no longer able to vote they lost their citizenship so why are we allowing them to complete an education, have access to libraries and recreational equipment. They have all of these rights, yet do we ever stop to think about the families of the victims. The pain, the anguish, and the immense suffering these loved ones go through because of the actions of these merciless criminals. If you can, draw up from your memory the actions of Susan Smith. Yes thats right the woman whom drove her two innocent kids in to the lake. She willingly drove her car into the lake as her two young sons sit seatbelted in the backseat of her car. Susan then got out of the car and watched as the cabin of the car filled up with the icy cold water eventually drowning the two. Just think of how they felt as they sit in the car crying for their mother frantically, wondering why mommy left them there? Barbaric...Barbaric is exactly how I would describe her actions. Yet, the jury doing her case sentenced her to life not death. The Jury only explained that she would suffer more through her depression, but does that justify the short-lived lives of two completely harmless, defenseless and innocent children. In todays society the idea of having deadly criminals: sentenced to life in prison, get paroled and then go back into society and strike again is absolutely frightening. Criminals like these should not be allowed to socialize with other, better their education, and for these criminals to think they will be treated civilized when they have not acted civilly themselves. With that, consider the old saying; treat others how you want to be treated. These criminals are the ones ...

The Seven Fortunes and the Sev essays

The Seven Fortunes and the Sev essays A significant work of Japanese art that is of particular interest is the hand scrolls The Seven Fortunes and the Seven Misfortunes by Maruyama Okyo of the Edo period. These scrolls by Okyo are a pictorial explanation of the real-life blessings and evils that, according to Buddhist philosophy, result from previous Karma (Mason 280). The Seven Fortunes and the Seven Misfortunes is comprised of three scrolls totaling 150 feet in length by 12 1/4 inches high. For the purpose of this paper, I will focus on the two scrolls containing the misfortunes. The two scrolls that illustrate the Seven Misfortunes show disastrous events inflicted on man and mankind by nature and by humans. They were commissioned in 1768 by the Emmann Temple outside of Kyoto to explain the Buddhist Karma beliefs. Okyo painted realistic scenes for every misfortune or evil of the Buddhist philosophy Earthquake, flood, fire, onis, war, robbery, and sickness (Joly 378). Maruyama Okyo was a master of realism, a technique adopted from outside influences (especially the Dutch), which became popular during the Edo period. The realistic qualities conveyed in Okyos images of the Seven Misfortunes are moving and frightening. One particular painting in the scrolls shows with vivid detail the demise of an unfortunate man. This man is naked, with a fierce bull on either side of him. The mans legs have been tied to one hind leg of each bull, and their tails have been set on fire. We can imagine the bulls bucking wildly as the mans fragile body is torn apart from the great force of the furious bulls. Blood spurts from the torn cavity of the mans chest as he screams in terror while the bulls run in wild agony, as flames spread from their tails up towards their hinds. Just by looking at this painting, one can imaging the scene actually coming to life. This scene is painted with tremendous energy, it truly...

Bond Market Information of Bangladesh

A well-developed financial system plays an important role in accelerating economic growth by mobilizing savings and facilitating investment in an efficient manner (Mu, 2007). Financial market is composed of different markets- Money Market, Capital Market, Derivative Market etc. All the markets play an interactive role for the development of economy by formation of capital through mobilizing funds, industrialization of economy through supplying adequate funds, providing services, linking investors to the industrial entrepreneurs etc.Besides, this requires sound regulatory framework, sound and investment sensitive administrative infrastructure, fiscal supports for making their role effective for economic development. The financial sector of Bangladesh is characterized by the dominating presence of commercial banks, especially the Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs). Although, a paradigm shift in the degree of dominance has been observed of late with the emergence of private commercial banks-traditional and shariah based banking. Banking sector accounted for about 75 percent of the total financial system.Most of the available funds go to the NCBs in the fo rm of deposits and channeled into lending. However, the NCBs had substantial nonperforming loan (NPL) portfolios. Both insurance and mutual funds industries are very small. The debt market being an integral part of financial market plays a complementary role in developing economy through allocation of funds to the different deficit sectors. The debt market consists of money market, mortgage market, bond market and derivative market. The debt market of Bangladesh is very small. The size of domestic debt accounted for only 20 percent of the financial system.Bangladeshs bond market represents the smallest in South Asia, accounting for only 12 per cent of the countrys gross domestic product (GDP), a World Bank report said. It is surprising that Bangladesh, which is much larger than Nepal in terms of population, land area and other measures, has the smallest bond market in the region, the report added. Like in any other country, a well-developed tradable bond market is critical to ensuring stability and efficiency of the financial market in Bangladesh. An efficient bond market is important for managing public debt and bank liquidity and for efficient conduct of the monetary policy.So far the bond market has played a limited role in the economy. The priority of the development of Bangladesh’s capital markets should be to promote the bond market development. Without a functioning bond market, the monetary transmission processes of policy measures would be circumvented, and the desired impact on the real economy can not be fulfilled, which compromises the effectiveness of the monetary policy operations. In view of this, the present study has been undertaken in order to evaluate the present bond mar ket status and to identify the issues and factors that prompt the development of bond market in Bangladesh. . Objectives of the Study The principal objective of the study is to evaluate present bond market status in Bangladesh. To accomplish this principal objective, following specific objectives have been covered: a) To highlight the Bond Market status of Bangladesh. b) To highlight the benefits of bond market for the parties to the Bond Market. c) To identify the problems that impedes the development of Bond Market in Bangladesh. d) To suggest some important policy measures for the development of Bond Market in Bangladesh. 3. Scope of the StudyThe inferences of the study would be used for the development of Bond Market in Bangladesh. It has covered opinions of 22 financial executives of listed companies on the issues that impede to the development of Bond Market. 4. Methodology of the Study The study has been both theoretical and empirical one. Both primary and secondary data have been used. 1. Collection of Primary Data: The researcher has prepared a questionnaire on the basis of survey of existing literature as well as of discussions made with some executives associated with the stock market. He conducted interview of 22 respondents personally. In this case, the researcher has selected 30 companies from a list of different economically important sectors conveniently, and attempted to conduct interview of 30 financial executives of 30 selected companies. Finally, he successfully has conducted interview of 22 financial executives. The opinions of 22 experts have been captured on five point-likert scales such as 5( Most significant), 4 ( Significant), 3 ( Indifferent), 2( Insignificant) and 1( Most insignificant). . Collection of Secondary Data: The secondary data has been collected from different sources- Annual Reports of Bangladesh Bank, World Bank Reports, published research journals, published books, websites, etc. 3. Analysis of Data: The data thus collected has been tabulated first and then analyzed with the help of different financial, statistical and econometric techniques. The study has used financial ratio, percentage, mean, factor analytical technique etc. for analysis of data and drawing inferences.Factor Analysis: Factor analysis is a method of reducing a large number of variables ( tests, scales, items, persons and so on) to a smaller number of presumed underlying hypothetical entities called factor ( Fruchter, 1967). It tries to simplify and diverse relationship that exist among a set of observed variables by uncovering common dimensions or factors that link together the seemingly unrelated variables and consequently provides insight into the underlying structures of the data( Dillion and Goldstein, 1984). The purpose of factor analysis is mainly two folds: data reduction and substantive interpretation.In the present study, ‘Principal Components Varimax Rotated Method’ of factor analysis has been used in order to identify the factors influencing the development of Bond Market in Bangladesh. Principal component factor explains more variance that the loadings obtained from any method of factoring. In order to define the group membership, an algorithm may be used to uncover a structure purely on the basis of the correlation structure of the input variables. Then the number of principal components to be retained in the study has been decided on the basis of Kaiser’s criterion (1958) of Eigen value 1 .Principal components having higher reliability coefficients are more reliable in the sense that the corresponding factors would be replicable in other similar kind of studies. Then Communality, symbolized by h2 are then worked out which show how much of each variable is accounted for by the underlying factors taken together. Then, factor scores have been generated on the basis of weighted average of Principal Factor loadings and average of respective variables included into the concerned group. Ranking of each factor has been made on the basis of scores derived. 5. Organization of the StudyThe Study has been organized into three sections. The first section has covered introduction, objective of the study, scope and methodology of the study. The second section has covered findings of the study- Status of Bangladesh Bond Market, benefits of Bond Market participants, and identification of problems impeding the bond market development of the country. The final chapter deals with the summary of the findings, policy implications and conclusions. 2. 0 Findings and Their Analyses The Study has been undertaken aiming at evaluating the status of Bond Market and tracing the factors influencing the development of Bond Market in Bangladesh. These have been discussed in the following paragraphs: 2. 1 Status of Bond Market in Bangladesh Bond Market is composed of Treasury bond, Municipal Bond and Corporate Bond. This is of two kinds- Organized and OTC markets. There are various types of bond products depending on provisions, maturities, coupon rate, options, convertibility, etc. Bond Market in Bangladesh is dominated by treasury debt securities. It has now only one corporate bond; but does not have any municipal bond/debenture.In recent years, around 70 percent of the domestic savings are held in the form of bank deposits, while only 30 percent are investments in the debt market which is entirely dominated by government instruments. There hardly exists a corporate bond market in the country, it has a debenture market with only a small number f well-known issuers. As of today, only one corporate bond has been floated. 2. 1. 1 Size and Composition of the Bangladesh Market in Comparison with South Asian Countries The size, access, efficiency and stability of the bond market across countries may by used to judge the state of the bond market development in Bangladesh.