Who Were The Mesopotamians Religion Essay

Who Were The Mesopotamians Religion Essay The transition from the nomadic hunter-gatherers to the more sedentary farmers brought about some of the first serious thinkers in the world. This is how it started for the Mesopotamians, the transition from traveling around in search of food to settling down on the banks of a river. Because of their location they became the first river-valley civilization which is why Mesopotamia was so aptly named as so, it meaning the land between rivers those rivers being the Tigris and Euphrates. Their new sedentary gave them time to not only think but also to explore subjects such as mythology, religion as well as advances in technology. Because of this, these people could live in one place and build what we call a civilization. These people would multiply, build, create new beliefs, be conquered, made into slaves and eventually pass their beliefs on to others with some form of writing. This marks the beginning of history, by technical definition. The next topic I will explore upon is the religion of the Mesopotamian people. The Mesopotamian Religion, also known as Assyro-Babylonian religion  [14]  involved polytheism, which is the practice of worshipping multiple gods. These gods ranged from the all-powerful to the minor and they all represented some fact or occurrence in nature and/or life. Every city had a temple that was dedicated to a god, normally one major temple per city although multiple temples did occur in one city. These temples were called ziggurats where the followers of the god to which the temple was located would congregate and even reside. For example prostitutes would gather at the temple of Ishtar, the goddess they represent in their lifestyle choice. Prayer was also a present practice as warriors might pray to one of the many war and battle gods and goddesses for victory or at least survival. The purpose of the gods was as an attempt to explain the masses of phenomena that perplexed and dumbfounded the se people. The religion of the Mesopotamian people went through four historical periods. The oldest of these periods was from 3500 B.C.E. to the time of Hammurabi  [15]  , which is about 1700 B.C.E. The religion of this period involved the worship of deities in individual groups and as society built itself up many of these individual practices melted together to provide the dominate polytheistic method of worship. The second period ranged from between 1700-1365 B.C.E. and during this period a supreme deity surfaced  [16]  . This deities name was a fertility god, a god of thunderstorms (I find it interesting that most of the times it seems that gods of thunder and/or lightning take up the post of king of the group of gods they represent) Marduk  [17]  and by getting rid of the evil dragon goddess of chaos Tiamat  [18]  . The third period was from 1365-612 B.C.E. During this time was the Assyrian period as well as the fall of Nineveh  [19]  . There is another shift , as another group falls and assimilates into the larger group which happened a lot in the Mesopotamian area, as another deity takes place as supreme rather than Marduk. This deities name was Ashur  [20]  , a god of the sun. Ishtar remained the most important female deity throughout these three periods (which im sure has nothing to do with the fact that she was the goddess of prostitution). The fourth and final period started with the reign of Nabopolassar  [21]  (625-605 B.C.E.) and came to an end with Cyruss  [22]  conquest of Babylon in 539 B.C.E. who increased his dedicated policy of religious freedom and returned many plundered religious relics back to their rightful places  [23]  . Rituals involving religion included sacrifices and burnt offerings which could include the best of their crop, herd, as well as the enemies the people may have overcome. Rituals might have also been practices that related to the god or goddess that the respective group was worshiping . For instance, if a group worshiped Ishtar, to show their devotion they may become prostitutes and therefore practice prostitution in an attempt to glorify their chosen goddess and maybe to acquire their blessings or favor. The holidays gave people other reasons to worship the all mighty gods and goddesss of the Mesopotamian area. These holidays included important birthdays, passing of the seasons, and days of momentous occurrence such as the victorious conclusion of a long and epic battle. The final topic of my discussion is the topic based on the various technologies brought about in Mesopotamia. Since this was one of the very first civilizations to come into existence it brought about many of the tools that were essential to survival in their new sedentary lifestyle as well as building procedures. The first thing that I would like to mention is a process that is used to prevent damaging floods, a process that is still used today; the use of levees. Levees are depressions built along the bases of rivers or lakes that potentially raises the total potential volume a river or lake may retain without over flowing. Their strength depended completely on its weakest point, meaning if that particular point were to be damaged or completely destroyed then the whole structure would follow. Levees were basically piles of earth surrounding the designated area of containment, though today we use concrete and other materials to accomplish similar means. Due to these structures peopl e no longer feared the yearly floods of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the same extent as previously and another effect of the containment was a more sable distribution of irrigation resulting in greater amounts of food. Architecture is next with the structure in discussion being the momentous ziggurats, which were temples similar to those of the pyramids in ancient Egypt. They were made with dried bricks of mud which really was a combination of limestone rock earth and water, a loose relative of concrete. Now I will discuss tools and weapons, remember though that all weapons were tools until they were used to inflict purposeful harm on another being. The tools that were brought about her basically encompass most all tools present in many farming and cultivating professions. These tools included sickles, hoes, axes, hammers and many more. The major weapons used included swords, spears, maces, bow and arrows as well as shields. Most of all of the tools were manufactured using the practice of smelting to combine tin and copper to create bronze and wooden handles on which the metal pieces were attached. Machines that appeared in this time era included the plow, wheel and axel as well as the pulley and lever. This concludes my term paper on the mythology, religion and technology present in the Mesopotamian civilization. It was the spark of civilization that we can thank for its contribution to modern day society, because it was the starting point in a new order of operations in the way the world works and would be the first building block in the expansion of a sedentary life style in opposition to the previous nomadic way of life. Gilgamesh. Welcome to MYTHHOME:Mythology Site. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. . Ninsun | Goddess A Day. Goddess A Day My Quest for the Ten Thousand Names of the Goddess. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. . Midnight, By. Lugalbanda Epic. Bible and History. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. . Ishtar. Encyclopedia Mythica: Mythology, Folklore, and Religion. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. . Mitchell, Stephen. Gilgamesh: a New English Version. New York: Free, 2004. Print. Humbaba. Picture Books by Dandi Palmer. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. . Enlil. Encyclopedia Mythica: Mythology, Folklore, and Religion. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. . Shamash (Mesopotamian God) Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. . Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven. Bible and History. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. . Anu. Encyclopedia Mythica: Mythology, Folklore, and Religion. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. . Utnapishtim. Encyclopedia Mythica: Mythology, Folklore, and Religion. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. . Mesopotamian Religion New World Encyclopedia. Info:Main Page New World Encyclopedia. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . Hammurabi of Babylon History for Kids! Kidipede History for Kids Homework Help for Middle School. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . The Myth of Marduk, How Marduk Became King of All the Gods. Ancient Mesopotamia for Kids. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . Tiamat Mesopotamian Mythology Ancinet-Mythology.com. Ancient Mythology: Greek, Norse, Egyptian and More Ancinet-Mythology.com. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . Mesopotamia Fun Facts and Information. Fun Trivia Quizzes Worlds Largest Trivia and Quiz Site! Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . Ancient Babylonia Nabopolassar. Bible History Online Images and Resources for Biblical History. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . Sorat, By Cyrus. Cyrus The Great. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . Mythology | Define Mythology at Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com | Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary.com. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. .

Covering Letter for Acca Course

August 21, 9999 XYZ University International Admissions Office XYZ Street, London, UK Dear Sir/Madam: I am a senior consultant at Alpha Beta Pvt Ltd. , and would like to pursue ACCA course at XYZ University. I am very much interested to make a career in the field of Accounting and Finance which has always intrigued me on the magic of numbers and their impact on business and society at large. And I found that my interest lies in Accounting/Assurance, where I can best use my numeracy and analytical skills.I would like to pursue my further education in Accounting with a global qualification as ACCA which would provide me an excellent start in core accountancy skills there by helping me build a successful career in finance. Also the work experience, I gained in Human Resources in management level would put me in a superior position to better comprehend some of the management level papers of ACCA course. After all my research on where to study for ACCA, I found XYZ University to be the be st place to study and prepare for an ACCA global qualification.I am excited about XYZ’s world class teaching commitment towards accounting for which it has been known for many years and I am keenly looking forward to be a part of XYZ. At 10+2 level, my concentration was in Maths, Physics and Chemistry, which has strengthened my analytic skills. And my work experience all these years in Operations and Human Resources has broadened my understanding of the economics of business growth and development. And my work experience with Alpha Beta and Sigma Omega over the last four years gave me the experience and confidence to work in a dynamic, fast-paced organization where learning uickly and attention to details are instrumental to success. As a member of the recruitment operations, I had chance to interact with senior management from global firms like Invesco Ltd, Franklin Templeton, Cognizant Technology Solutions and Capgemini which has further aided my business understanding. And acquiring global financial qualification like ACCA would surely help in enhancing my finance and business understanding along with my analytical skills using which I can make a mark for myself with the support and guidance from XYZ.In order to gain hands on basics in Accounting before I start ACCA course with BPP, I have registered myself with The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) which is the awarding body for Chartered Accountants in India, with which I am studying Fundamentals of Accounting along with General Economics, Mercantile Law and Quantitative Aptitude. Thank you for your consideration. I very much look forward to the opportunity to get trained for my ACCA qualification by XYZ. Sincerely, ABC GYC

Essay on Informative Speech Outline Animal Cruelty

Introduction 1. ATTENTION GETTER: Millions of animals are abused each year. Over a million of these animals are abused or killed just due to the involvement with domestic violence. Despite animal cruelty being a felony which can result in jail time for over 15 years and 500,000 dollars in fines, it is still an issue which occurs on a daily basis across the United States. It is important for these animals to not go unnoticed, which can be achieved if society became more enlightened and educated on the topic of animal cruelty. (Pacelle, 2011). 2. THESIS/PURPOSE: Today we will explain the significance, and inherency due to animal cruelty, as well as several solutions which can help to prevent cases of animal abuse. 3.†¦show more content†¦Children who live in homes where animal abuse is present are often abused themselves and unfortunately, sometimes carry on with the cycle of abuse later on in life. â€Å"More than 80 percent of family members being treated for child abuse al so had abused animals. In one-third of the cases, a child victim continued the cycle of violence by abusing a pet (â€Å"The animal abuse home violence connection†, 2013).† 1. In a study done in 2005 by Christopher Hensley and Suzanne E. Tallichet, it was discovered that â€Å"inmates who were younger when they first witnessed someone hurt or kill animals and those who witnessed a friend hurt or kill animals were more likely to commit animal cruelty more frequently (Dutkiewicz,Hensley, and Tallichet, 2011).† 1. Violent criminals often have a history of abusing animals. In fact, â€Å"The FBI sees animal cruelty as a predictor of violence against people and considers past animal abuse when profiling serial killers (â€Å"The animal abuse violence connection†, 2013).† a. Because of this, we need to take cruelty towards animals seriously. It is a sign of aggression and violence and can often lead to even more gruesome crimes, not just towards animals, but towards humans as well. b. If left alone, abuse towards anShow MoreRelatedKiller Captivity1198 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ SPEECH 1315 Informative Speech Killer Cruelty for Professor Frost Spring 2014 OUTLINE Topic: Killer Whales in Captivity Organizational Pattern: Casual Order General Purpose: To inform the audience. Specific Purpose: To inform the audience of the cruelty done to the killer whales held in captivity at Sea World. Central Idea: Many amusement parks mistreat their animals and in response they lash out and attack. Is the trainer at fault or the â€Å"killer†Read MoreInformative Speech On Pitbulls1055 Words   |  5 PagesDyana Churchill Communications 103 Informative Speech Outline 11 October 2017 Pit Bulls - How We Can Help Protect Them General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about that pit bulls are not always dangerous and how they can be such a great companion. Introduction (Attention Gainer :) What is the first word that comes to mind when you think of pit bull? According to Cesar Millan, â€Å"A bread is like a suit of clothes, it doesnt tell you anything about the dog inside.† CesarRead MoreHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 Pagesthat the staff have an professional development with working lunch. The working lunch would cut back on staff member not able because of child care or schooling. The working lunch would all me as the owner to bring in outside presentors to give informative data and the lastes technology or ethic laws to help the staff and protect the patient for the best health care at my local for success. The working lunch for workshops or training will be schedule  monthly and suggestion of what food choice

Types Of Treatment For Juvenile Offenders - 2045 Words

Introduction: The type of treatment for juvenile offenders has been debated among people for many years. Whether it is a rehabilitative treatment or a tougher treatment, it is hard to determine which one actually works. The Capital Offenders Group is a program that is more treatment based and uses a more rehabilitative approach. In comparison, boot camps are an approach focused on tougher treatment. It is especially hard to choose one type of treatment for juveniles because they have no yet developed completely so one universal treatment cannot work for everyone. A tougher approach will work for some kids, but a rehabilitative approach will work for others. The main idea is to reduce recidivism and to help the youth realize that they need to change their ways. The system needs to look at which approach is more effective in the long run and focus on that for the most part in order to rehabilitate more youths and get them out of the system and keep them out. Description: One of the main ideas of the group and in the prison is resocialization. The youths that are put in to the Capital Offenders Group have been in the Giddings prison for a few years before they are actually put into the group. The juveniles have to learn new things in the population of the prison, things they did not learn from their families. They learn how to communicate without using violence, how to accept criticism without getting angry, and how to develop a new introspection. The students have to reachShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency Treatment : Description And Fundamental Principles1452 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Delinquency Treatment: Description and Fundamental Principles When treating juvenile delinquency the goal is to punish or rehabilitate the problem children after they have offended and been caught. 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Behavioral psychologists have spent time and effort into researching ways that social learning connects to socially acceptable behavior. Many offenders in the system were arrested and placed due to not knowing the correct way to behave and act in the general population. Depending on the offenders past or currentRead MoreCompare And Contrast Juvenile Delinquency Prevention979 Words   |  4 Pagesare in a transitional stage of development†¦young offenders that are neither innocent children nor mature adults†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nelson, 2012). Because juveniles are in a process of constant development sociologically, psychologically and physiologically, the juvenile court system focuses on alternative sentences and the creation of programs that will offer them rehabilitation instead of incarceration. However, in cases of extraordinary circumstances, the juvenile system shifts from looking at rehabilitation as

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1110 Words

In New York City in the 1950s, Tony, a former member of the Jets gang finds love with Maria, the younger sister of the powerful Bernardo who leads the Puerto Rican Sharks gang. Before they realized it, they had found themselves in a mess that leads to a massive fight between the rival gangs and ultimately ends with the death of Tony. The police arrive to arrest the killer and the gangs decide to make peace with each other (www.britannica.com). Sound familiar? The musical described is better known as West Side Story, one of the many adaptations that were based on one of Shakespeare s legendary plays: Romeo and Juliet. Themes such as love, commitment, hatred, and much more can be seen in both plays. Shakespeare’s greatest works have been†¦show more content†¦Here’s drink - I drink to thee,† (4.3.58). Juliet’s love for Romeo causes her to hurriedly gulp down the potion without a second thought as she ignores her worries. Whether or not she cared about her future, she does not think through the consequences of Romeo hearing about her death. From this context, Juliet makes the irrational decision of drinking a mysterious substance just for a chance to be with her love. Shakespeare wants the reader to understand this, and come to the conclusion that it’s better not to take love so passionately and tone it down a bit so that lovers can make rational and logical decisions for themselves. In addition, Juliet wakes up from her sleep when the potion wears off, and comes to find Romeo lying beside her. Emotionally dazed, she exclaims, â€Å"This (Juliet’s body) is thy [dagger’s] sheath / ... [so] let me die,† killing herself with the dagger (5.3.169-170). Juliet does not spend a moment on considering the possibilities for a life without Romeo as she is drowning in emotions for her dead love. With one pierce through her heart, she makes the reckless decision to end her life, purely out of intense love for her Romeo. If Juliet hadn’t been as extreme with her love with Romeo, she would have been more calm and rational and may not have even taken her own life as a result. Being too

Link Antiretroviral Therapy Centre Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(203) " tested interview agenda was administered to enter the cost and clip spent on the twenty-four hours of the visit to associate and nodal antiretroviral therapy Centre by people on antiretroviral therapy\." Peoples populating with HIV/AIDS face a major economic load on themselves every bit good as their households. This economic load put their households into vulnerable state of affairs by doing them to sell their assets and utilize their economy which in bend puts them in debt. If this economic load can be reduced, PLHA will hold important decrease in mortality and morbidity and their households can populate their lives with less problem and jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on Link Antiretroviral Therapy Centre Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aim and aims: To cognize the benefits received by people populating with HIV/AIDS and go toing Link ART Centre in Karkala and Kundapura taluk of Udupi territory which includes their outgo of cost and clip while on ART on a regular basis. This survey besides includes appraisal of services provided by link ART Centre. Methodology: There were entire 154 survey topics interviewed with a pre tested interview agenda inquiring them about their cost and clip outgo while taking ART from link ART and nodal ART Centre. Servicess provided by the Link ART Centres was besides assessed as portion of the benefits of people and compared with guidelines given for running Link ART Centre by NACO, India. Consequences: A cost minimisation analysis was done with a conjectural scenario of Link ART absence and presence. It was found that there was a great decrease in cost and clip outgo of clients since they have started coming to associate ART Centre. Mean ( Std. Dev. ) cost spent by clients in the instan ce when nexus ART was unavailable was Rs. 2462.00 ( Rs.1752.43 ) and in the instance where nexus ART was available was Rs. 1134.90 ( Rs. 1548.98 ) . Median clip spent by clients in instance when nexus ART was unavailable was 20 hours and in instance when nexus ART was available was 40hours.These two cost and clip was compared and tested with Wilcoxson mark rank trial and found to be important ( p= A ; lt ; 0.001 ) in both clip and cost analysis. Health service appraisal found out that both link ART Centre have some substructure and human resource demands to be fulfilled. Drugs handiness and research lab services are good under state of affairs and working harmonizing to guidelines. Decision: Link ART Centre was an first-class measure taken by the NACO with Government of India. It helped a batch of PLHA to salvage their clip and cost on going and other outgos. Link ART centres gives chance to primary wellness attention system to include HIV/AIDS in their precedence country by deconc entrating ART Centres as drug distribution Centres. Link ART centres reduced a great burden of clients coming to ART Centres every month. Clients can besides be attended good when the instance burden on each counselor is non more. Important demands of the Centres need to be fulfilled to give better services to the clients go toing link ART Centre. Introduction When HIV/AIDS was first recognized in 1981, few would hold predicted that it would intensify into a modern twenty-four hours pestilence, with over 33.3 million person infected worldwide.1 The most advanced phase of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) . It can take 10-15 old ages for an HIV-infected individual to develop AIDS ; antiretroviral drugs can decelerate down the procedure even further.2 Antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) has been proven to be extremely effectual at cut downing HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. 4-8 Standard Antiretroviral Therapy ( ART ) consists of the usage of at least three Antiretroviral ( ARV ) drugs to maximally stamp down the HIV virus and halt the patterned advance of HIV disease. Huge decreases have been seen in rates of decease and agony when usage is made of a powerful antiretroviral regimen.2 Art Centres were started by Government of India in April 2004 with 8 Centres across the state. In a phased mode it was up scaled to 250 Centres all over the state. These Centres in all over the state provide free ART to more than 300,000 grownups and 40,000 kids. The ART Centres are located chiefly in Medical Colleges, Tertiary Hospitals and District Hospitals in some provinces. As a consequence, many a times, patients from fringe have to go long distances to make the ART Centre. As the intervention is life-long and drugs are provided one time a month, it means the patient has to come to ART Centre every month for remainder of his life, even when he is stable on intervention. This may take to losing of visits, peculiarly when patient is going or is otherwise feeling healthy. Besides monthly visits lead to batch of haste at ART Centres, taking to long waiting hours and incommodiousness to patients. The monthly visits may besides imply the patient ‘s stay in the metropolis taking to escalation of costs in add-on to go cost. Many a times these costs may be more than cost of drugs that patient is provided. All these factors have been perceived as possible barriers to an optimum attachment for ART. To minimise the travel demand for the patients stable on ART, it is envisaged to hold authorized Drug Distribution Centres that are called Link ART centres located near the patient ‘s abode. These Centres will be linked to a Nodal ART Centre within accessible distance. Link ART centres was started with the aims to incorporate ART services with the Primary / Secondary Health Care system, to construct the capacity of the wellness attention staff at the Primary Health Care Level in ART intervention, to increase the entree of ART services to the people populating with HIV/AIDS ( PLHA ) , to better the attachment of patients to ART, to cut down the travel cost and travel clip of PLHA to entree services and to cut down the burden at the Nodal ART Centre. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted to understand the benefits received by people populating with HIV/AIDS go toing link antiretroviral therapy Centre in Karkala and Kundapura link antiretroviral therapy Centre of Udupi territory. A pre tested interview agenda was administered to enter the cost and clip spent on the twenty-four hours of the visit to associate and nodal antiretroviral therapy Centre by people on antiretroviral therapy. You read "Link Antiretroviral Therapy Centre Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Data was collected and analyzed utilizing SPSS ( version 16 ) bundle and Microsoft Excel 2007. Consequences Table I depicts that in Kundapura link ART Centre there were 117 participant ‘s registered and out of them 101 ( 86.32 % ) clients are taking ART, 2 ( 1.71 % ) of the clients were loss to follow-up, 12 ( 10.26 ) clients shifted back to nodal ART Centre due to Opportunist Infections, personal jobs and 2 ( 1.71 % ) deceases were reported. In Karkala link ART Centre at the terminal of July 2011 there were 37 clients registered, out of them 35 ( 94.6 % ) clients are taking ART, 1 ( 2.7 % ) of the client was loss to follow up, 1 ( 2.7 % ) client was shifted back to nodal ART due to timeserving infection ( TB ) and no deceases were reported. Table Two shows that 124 ( 91.2 % ) participants were passing less than 1750 Rs per annum on going to ART Centres. This outgo includes travel charges of 12 visits to associate and 2 visits to nodal ART Centre. Table Three shows that 109 ( 80.1 % ) participants did non passing on nutrient on the twenty-four hours of travel to associate ART Centre and 17 ( 12.5 % ) of participants are passing about 265 to 530 Rs per annum on nutrient. Table Four shows that 37 ( 27.2 % ) of participants spent their clip between one hr to 15 hours per twelvemonth on going for nexus and nodal ART Centre, 71 ( 52.2 % ) participants exhausted 15 to 30 hours on going while 18 ( 13.2 % ) participants spent 30-45 hours of their clip on going. It was besides noticed that average clip spent on going to associate and nodal ART Centre per twelvemonth was 20 hour. Table Volt shows that there was a important difference ( p= A ; lt ; 0.001 ) in the cost when nexus ART is available and non available was compared at 5 % important degree. Average cost spent when nexus ART was available was Rs.1134.91with standard divergence of 1548.98 and average cost spent when nexus ART was non available was Rs. 2462.06 with standard divergence of 1752.43. Table VI depicts that there was a important difference ( p= A ; lt ; 0.001 ) in the cost, when nexus ART is available and non available was compared at 5 % important degree. Median clip spent when link ART was available was 20 hours ( 25th percentile 15 hours and 75th percentile 29 hours ) and average clip spent when link ART was non available was 40 hours ( 25th percentile 33 hours and 75th percentile 72 hours ) Discussion A cost-minimization analysis ( CMA ) steps and compares input costs and clip, and assumes results to be tantamount. In this survey cost and clip spent by the clients go toing link ART Centre was measured with doing an premise of equal result i.e. in this instance is drug distributing to the ART clients. There were batch of cost effectivity surveies conducted on ART for HIV/AIDS and it was proved to be really cost effectual. ART has been proven to be extremely effectual at cut downing HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. 4-8 In India ART is provided free of cost in selected authorities wellness attention Centre named as ART centres. Most of these Centres are located in territory central offices hence clients need to go to these Centres every month to roll up their medical specialties for life long. Due to regular traveling to these Centres there is immense sum of out-of-pocket outgo on these disbursals from the clients which causes economic load on household.18 This economic load leads the household to run on crises, they start selling their assets and salvaging and in bend seting households in debt which may worsen preexistent poverty.21 Studies proved HIV/AIDS in India causes major economic load on households even when drugs are provided free of cost to the clients due to immense out-of-pocket outgo on transposing to take the drugs.25,26 To get the better of the burden Government of India and NACO started periphery drug distribution Centres called link ART Centres which was located in fringes of territ ory central office. So that, it will be less clip and money consuming for the clients to go to the Centres located near to their houses. This survey is based on the cost minimisation rule to warrant the construct of link ART Centre as the right pick of intercession to minimise the load on the households with people populating with HIV/AIDS. Out of Pocket outgo There is immense sum of decrease in out of pocket outgo of money and clip being saved due to opening up of link ART Centre. The magnitude of clip and money saved can be utilized with more productive work and that money can be used in bettering wellness of the person and household. After link ART was opened many of the clients do n’t hold to take leave from their occupation and come to take their medical specialties. Many people are day-to-day pay worker and if they take off from occupation that twenty-four hours salary will be cut. Now, as link ART is opened they come during their tiffin clip to roll up their medical specialty without taking off from work. It was found in the survey that few of the kids ‘s parents died with AIDS and now either their household member or relations are taking attention of those kids. All the disbursals of those kids are borne by their defenders and in bend seting their household with economic load. Since the nexus ART Centre has been opened, there is immense sum of decrease in economic load on these households. It was besides found that few grandparents are taking attention of their grandkids and taking them for their medical specialties to Centres. This construct of link ART Centre will cut down their load excessively. Transportation system Cost Most preferred manner of conveyance for the clients to go to associate ART Centre was Public conveyance system i.e. coach. As HIV/AIDS is extremely stigmatising societal job, PLHA do non prefer to utilize the base on balls service as they have to unwrap their HIV position to the conveyance company to acquire the base on balls issued. Food Cost and drug cost Many clients go toing link ART Centre skip their afternoon repast as they do n’t desire to pass some excess money on nutrient. Jumping nutrient can do serious job with their unsusceptibility on interest as they are really vulnerable to many timeserving infection. Clients sometimes have to purchase few medical specialties for their timeserving infection and general jobs. These medical specialties put more economic load on the clients and doing them vulnerable to economic debt. Travel Time Clients had to go a long distance boulder clay link ART Centre was non opened but now people who are shifted to associate ART Centre reported a great decrease in clip ingestion on travel and they can pass more clip on work and with households. Table I: – Associate ART enrollment inside informations Link ART Status Number of Participants Percentage Kundapura On ART 101 86.32 Loss to follow up 2 1.71 Shifted back to Nodal ART Centre 12 10.26 Death 2 1.71 Entire 117 100 Karkala On ART 35 94.6 Loss to follow up 1 2.7 Shifted back to Nodal ART Centre 1 2.7 Death Nothing Nothing Entire 37 100 Table Two: – Outgo on travel by participants per twelvemonth ( n=136 ) Travel cost per twelvemonth ( Rupees ) Number of Participants Percentage A ; lt ; 1750 124 91.2 1750-3500 9 6.6 3500-5250 2 1.5 5250-7000 Nothing Nothing 7000-8750 Nothing Nothing 8750-10500 Nothing Nothing 10500-12250 Nothing Nothing 12250-14000 1 0.7 Entire 136 100.0 Table Three: – Outgo on nutrient per twelvemonth by participants ( n=136 ) Food Cost ( Rupees ) Number of Participants Percentage Nothing 109 80.1 265-530 17 12.5 530-795 6 4.4 795-1060 2 1.5 1060-1590 Nothing Nothing 1590-1855 1 0.7 1855-2120 1 0.7 Entire 136 100.0 Table Four: – Time spent on going per twelvemonth by participants ( n=136 ) Time spent ( Hours ) Number of participants Percentage 0-15 37 27.2 15-30 71 52.2 30-45 18 13.2 45-60 7 5.1 60-75 1 0.7 75-90 Nothing Nothing 90-105 Nothing Nothing 105-120 2 1.5 Entire 136 100 Table Volt: – Wilcoxon mark rank trial for comparing link ART available and unavailable cost spent by the participants ( n=136 ) Class Number of Participants Mean Std. Deviation Percentiles P- value 25th fiftieth 75th Link ART available cost 136 1134.91 1548.98 514.50 783.00 1133.50 A ; lt ; 0.001 Link ART unavailable cost 136 2462.06 1752.43 1356 1812.00 3120.00 Table Six: – Wilcoxon mark rank trial for comparing link ART available and unavailable clip spent by the participants ( n=136 ) Class Number of Participants Median Percentiles P- value 25th fiftieth 75th Link ART available clip 136 20 15 20 29 A ; lt ; 0.001 Link ART unavailable clip 136 40 33 40 72 How to cite Link Antiretroviral Therapy Centre Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

A Public Relations Proposal fo Essay Example For Students

A Public Relations Proposal fo Essay A Public Relations Proposal for the American Egg Board, 1997AN EGG IS ALWAYS AN ADVENTURE OSCAR WILDEEggs should be avoided because they are high in cholesterol. This is the biggest MYTH that has cracked the good reputation of the egg in the past years. In 1945, the number of eggs consumed per capita each year was 402. Then the news broke scientists discovered a link between high cholesterol levels in the bloodstream and an increased risk of heart disease. Americans have cut down on their egg consumption fearing negative effects on their health. Fifty years later, in 1995, consumption dropped to 240 eggs per capita. The cracked reputation of the egg is now being patched up. New research is reveals a positive future for the mistreated egg. Furthermore, the egg industry has experienced an increase in production in recent years. In 1995, 174.4 million cases of eggs (360 eggs/cartons in each case) were produced, and in 1997, the number rose to 183.2 million cases. The U.S. egg industry is a major contributor to the nations food supply. In 1996, the distribution into the marketplace of the 177.6 million eggs produced is as follows:53.0% purchased at retail27.9% further processed (used in the manufacturing of products such as cakes, pies, pasta, etc.) for food service, manufacturing, retail and export17.4% for food service use1.7% for exportCholesterol and its link to heart disease have been the biggest detriments to the eggs good name. Nutrition experts recommended a daily limit of 300 milligrams of cholesterol in order to maintain a low cholesterol level. A single egg yolk contains 200 milligram s of cholesterol thereby causing experts to suggest a 4-egg-a-week limit. Since that time, however, changes in expert opinion have come about. Recent research has shown that there are two types of cholesterol: Dietary cholesterol, the cholesterol consumed in foods and blood cholesterol, the cholesterol found in the bloodstream (also called serum cholesterol). Recent studies have concluded that the amount of dietary cholesterol has little effect on the level of blood cholesterol. The culprit is actually saturated fat, a substance that is not abundantly found in eggs. Blood cholesterol can be broken down into two major parts: HDL or high-density lipoprotein and LDL, low-density lipoprotein. HDL, known as good cholesterol, helps move cholesterol back to the liver for removal from the bloodstream. LDL, referred to as the bad cholesterol, helps cholesterol stick to artery walls. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol and LDL levels more than any other element in the diet. Eating foods like red meat, which are high in saturated fat, strongly affect the cholesterol levels in the blood. On the other hand, eating eggs, which contain The. HDL cholesterol, is less threatening, according to nutrition experts. Studies have shown that many people on a low-fat diet can eat one or two eggs a day without measurable changes in their blood cholesterol levels. The discovery of the differences between the bad cholesterol (HDL) and good cholesterol (LDL) helps to end this delusion of the egg. Prevention of heart decease means strict monitoring of the bad cholesterol in the blood stream. Spreading the news of the dietary cholesterol (good cholesterol) present in the egg will encourage Americans to consume more eggs. In addition, based on data from the American Heart Association, there are no direct relationships between egg consumption and Coronary Vascular Disease (CVD) mortality in male or female populations. Evaluating the data resulted in some interesting comparisons. Weekly per capita egg consumption in France, the United States and England are 5.1, 4.5, and 3.3 eggs per week where as theCVD mortality rate per 100,000 per year is 250, 460 and 516 respectively. Japan showed the lowest CVD mortality rate, with the highest per capita egg consumption (6.5 eggs per person per week). Salmonella Enteritidis (S.E.) bacterium was another concern regarding eggs. The situation with this bacteria is fortunately not as grave as it seems. If the egg is properly handled and prepared, the chances of consuming an egg that is infected with Salmonella is slim. In fact, the number of outbreaks linked to Salmonella contamination of shell eggs has steadily declined from a high of 77 in 1989 to 50 in 1996, according to John Mason, former director of the United States Department of Agriculture. According to Dr. Mason, the risk of contracting egg-related salmonellosis is extremely low for healthy individuals. Dr. Mason also mentions that there is one outbreak for every 1 billion eggs consumed. In addition, according to statistics of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, Salmonella Enteritidis in eggs is not the main cause of food poisoning deaths. With proper care and handling, it poses no greater risk than any other perishable food. The American Egg Board is an active par ticipant in the SafeServe program and is a member contributor to the Partnership for Food Safety Education. They, together with the Egg Nutrition Center, provide a variety of egg safety brochures for both consumers and institutional food service organizations. Tips include discarding any cracked or leaking eggs and keeping eggs refrigerated at or below 40 degrees Fahrenheit. They also recommend cooking the egg until the egg whites are set and the yolk is thick but not hard. Salmonella is destroyed at a temperature of 140 degrees Fahrenheit for 31/2 minutes or until the egg reaches 160 degrees Fahrenheit. A subject that also needs to be addressed in the analysis of egg consumption is the inception of egg substitutes. The first egg substitutes were created about 20 years ago and were largely made up of egg whites and were bought by heart patients and people watching their cholesterol. Since then, more brands and types of egg substitutes have been produced. However, substitutes cost about 20 to 25 cents a serving, or two to four times as much as real eggs. Also, they often contain artificial coloring and preservatives which negatively affect the taste. Eggs are an inexpensive source of high-quality protein and are fairly low in saturated fat. One egg contains about as much fat as youll find in an 8-ounce glass of 1 percent milk. Eggs contain a high nutrient density and a broad range of vitamins and essential minerals. Majority of water soluble vitamins and minerals, all the fat soluble vitamins, and 45 % of the high quality protein are localized in the yolk. Therefore eggs are an essent ial part of the diet of people of all ages. They can provide many of the vitamins and minerals that seniors may be lacking in their diet. As for children, cutting out foods that contain cholesterol may actually deprive a child of essential nutrients necessary for proper growth and development. Serving children a cholesterol free diet can be a hindrance to good nutrition at a critical time in their lives. An important piece of news about the egg is omega-3. Eggs are a rich source of omega-3, a fatty acid that is essential to brain growth and development. Studies indicate that omega-3 may reduce the risk of Cardiovascular Disease, arthritis, high blood pressure, tumor growth and diabetes. With all the benefits that the egg can offer and with all the current research supporting its advantages, there are more and more reasons for the public to welcome the egg back into their diets. OBJECTIVES:To change the misconception of the eggTo create an awareness of the positive attributes of the eggTo educate the publics on the nutritional benefits of the eggTo persuade the publics to consume more eggsTarget Audiences:The success of this public relations campaign greatly depends on selecting the right markets to direct it towards. Various target audiences are addressed in this proposal. The main public this proposal seeks to target consists of male and female consumers aged 18 34. According to the Lifestyle Market Analyst, male and female singles of this age bracket are ranked one of the highest among the U.S. population to be involved in sports, fitness and health. The individuals in this group are concerned with improving themselves, interested in new technology (i.e., the Internet), and own and operate a personal computer. They travel frequently on business, spend considerable amount of time participation in outdoor sports, and enjoy gourmet cooking/fine foods. In comparison to men, the women are slightly more interested in improving their health, dieting and natural foods. Both the male and female audiences are technologically and media savvy, follow current trends. Another interesting fact is that many of these people are involved with their careers, therefore lessening the time for cooking and food preparation, especially in the morning. A majority of this pu blic lives in metropolitan area. Women aged 35 64 are also a public that must be targeted. They are usually the key decision makers in their homes, in terms of nutrition and diet for all members of the household Though, the total egg consumption of the average U.S. household may not have drastically decreased in past years. It is essential this audience become well informed, considering the vital role they may play in a large portion of households in the U.S. Men ages 35 -64 arealso an important public because of their increased interest in health and fitness. Another important audience involved is the media. This group consists of food, lifestyle and health editors of major publications (newspapers and magazines). They are vital to the success of the campaign because it is through them that all the information is disseminated and ultimately reaches the general public. Also, the aforementioned consumers rely strongly on magazines for their nutritional information. Freedman's Bureau Essay*Promotional material These items is expected to increase the visibility of the Eggs-cellent Eggs Campaign, such as postcards, T-shirts, caps, and refrigerator magnets. Communication Vehicles:The Egg Board will use a number of communication vehicles to achieve its public relations. Among the public relations tactics the Egg Board will employ are included:Press kits (which contains news release, background information, a fact sheet, and a VNR). Press Kits will be sent to school nutritionist, food, health, and lifestyle editors of magazine and newspapers, Food, health, and lifestyle producer of television stations, gyms, food, health, and lifestyle editors of online publications. News releases to keep the media informed of the latest news in health and nutrition, e.g., information on good and bad cholesterol, trends in eating, and to inform the media of up and coming events. Each news release will be special to the targeted vehicle. VNR (Video New Release) The American Egg Board will produce a VNR that includes general to specific information on eggs. Such as nutritional facts, health benefits and research to portray eggs in a positive way. PSA (Public Service Announcement) The American Egg Board will produce two PSA (TV. 30 sec Radio 60 sec ) that includes general to specific information on eggs. Such as nutritional facts, health benefits and research to portray eggs in a positive way. Evaluation:The Public Relations plan will be closely monitored and evaluated to ensure the effectiveness of the Public Relations program. The evaluation methods includes: surveys (e.g., survey following the special event and at the end of the campaign), sales and content analysis. Analysis of media clippings and post surveys will detect any change in perception of the egg and any change in eating or nutritional habits. The number of website visitors and toll-free callers will be a quantifiable determinant of reach. The number of request for information will show the demand for information on egg nutrition, egg recipes and health advice. Monitoring a change in the U.S. per capita consumption of eggs will determine the success of the campaign. Estimated Campaign ExpensesPromotional Pamphlets$50,000School Program $24,500POP Promotion$3,120Health Clubs$31,2000Editors Menu$15,000Menu Updates$11,000Communication ToolsPress kit$5,000VNR$65,000PSA$75,000Spokesperson$180,000Eggmunch$75,000Evaluation CostTotal Cost$499,420 Notes to the Estimated Campaign Expenses:1. Pamphlets 500,000 will be printed at a cost of $.10 per pamphlet2. School Program this includes 1-million handouts (cost: $.01 each), 30,000 posters (cost: $.15), and 5,000 nutrition guides for educators ($2 per guide). 3. POP Advertising this includes a POP display in major supermarkets through the US for an average of 200 per state 10,400 total ($.15 per display)4. Health Clubs 5,200 top/popular health (Average 100 per state), (cost: $6 per package including shipping cost)5. Editors menu binder 200 produced (cost: $10,000 preproduction, and $6 per copy including shipping cost)6. Menu Updates two planed estimated cost: $5,000 preproduction and $5 per update including shipping cost. 7. Press Kit includes slides, pictures, eggmunch invitation, news release, fact sheet, T-shirt, VNR (note 8). 8. VNR (Video News Release) production cost: $55,000, copies are $5 each. 9. PSA (Public Service Announcement) production cost: TV. $50,000 copies are $5 each; Radio cost $10,000 copies are $3 each. 10. Spokesperson $130,000 salary for 12 months and $50,000 for travel and related expenses. 11. Eggmunch (special event) cost includes park permit/usage fee ($10,000), staff of 25 (5 workshop leaders at $200, 5 cooks at $200, and 15 helpers at $100);PA system and DJ $5,000, rental items, food ($15,000), and promotional items: spatulas, T-shirts and refrigerator magnets. Accomadation for up to 1,000 persons. Media ListConsumer MagazineAmerican FitnessAmerican HealthBetter Health MagazineBetter NutritionBody Mind Spirit MagazineConscious ChoiceConsumer Reports on HealthCosmopolitanCooking LightCountry Living Healthy LivingCurrent HealthElleEating WellEssenceFamily CircleFirst for WomenFIT MagazineFitnessGlamourHarpers BazarHealthHealthy KidsLadies Home JournalLiving FITMademoiselleMarie ClaireMcCalls MagazineMirabellaMens FitnessMens HealthMs. Muscle Fitness Natural Health: The guide to well beingNew WomenNutrition Health ReviewParenting MagazinePreventionRedbookSelfShapeVogueWThe Walking MagazineWellness QuarterlyWomans DayThe Womans JournalWomans WorldWorking MotherWorking WomanTRADE MagazineJournal of Food ScienceJournal of NutritionNatural Foods MerchandiserNutrition Research NewsletterNutrition ReviewsNutrition TodaySupermarket NewsNewspapersMajor Morning DailiesUSA Today-Arlington, VAThe Wall Street Journal- New York, NYTop Daily Newspapers (Based on the highest circulation)Wall Street Journal New York, NYUSA Today Arlington, VANew York Times New York, NYLos Angeles Times Los Angeles, CAWashington Post Washington, DCDaily News New York, NYChicago Tribune Chicago, ILNewsday Melville, NYHouston Chronicle Houston, TXDetroit Free Press Detroit, MIChicago Sun-Times Chicago, ILDallas Morning News Dallas, TXSan Fransico Chronicle San Fransico, CABoston Globe Boston, MAPhiladelphia Inquirer Philadelphia, PATh e Star Ledger Newark, NJNew York Post New York, NYArizona Republic Phoenix, AZThe Plain Dealer Cleveland, OHStar Tribune Minneopolis, MNSan Diego Union Tribune San Diego, CAMiami Herald Miami, FLSt. Petersburg Times St.Petersburg, FLOrange County Register Santa Ana,CAThe Oregonian Portland, ORBaltimore Sun Baltimore, MDRocky Mountain News Denver, COSt. Louis Post-Dispatch St. Louis, MOAtlanta Constitution Atlanta, GADenver Post Denver, COBoston Herald Boston, MASan Jose Mercury News San Jose, CARadio (Top 20 DMA)#1 New York, NYWABC-AM New York, NYWMXV-FM New York, NY#2 Los Angeles, CAKABC AM KBIG FM#3 Chicago, ILWVAZ FMWGN AM #4 Philadelphia, PAWHAT-AMWHYY-FM#5 San Francisco, CAKALW FMKCBS AM #6 Boston, MAWGBH FMWMJX FM#7 Washington, DCWMAL-AMWJKF-FM#8 Dallas-Ft.Worth, TXKERA-FMKNON-FM#9 Detroit, MIWDET FMWDTR FM#10 Atlanta, GAWGST AMWQXI AM#11 Houston, TXWGST-AMWRFG-FM#12 Seattle, WAKOMO-AMKVI-AM#13 Cleveland, OHWMMS-FMWCBS-FM#14 Minneapolis-St.Paul, MNWCCO-AMWMN N-AM#15 Tampa/St. Petersburg, FLWHNZ AMWRBQ AM#16 Miami/Ft. Lauderdale, FLWSHE FMWHQT FM#17 Phoenix, AZKESZ FMKTAR AM#18 Denver, COKHOW AMKOA AM#19 Pittsburgh, PAKDKA-AMWTAE-AM#20 St.Louis, MOKWMU-FMWGNU-AMSpecial Radio Food Programs:21st Century Nutrition- WEDO-McKeesport, PAEat Right Las Vegas KORK- Las Vegas, NVFood for thought WCCO- Minneapolis, MNGreat Recipies with Lynn Paska WHRL Albany, NYYour Health USA Radio Network Dallas, TXTelevisionFamily Programs47 Family Magazine KWHB Tulsa, OKAmerican Family NET network Washington, DCCTN Today WCLF Clearwater, FLTodays Family KTVT Ft.Worth, TXTodays Family WTGL Orlando, FLFoodGetting Healthy TV Food Network New York, NYHealthy Alternatives Cablevision of Framingham Inc., Framingham, MAHealthy Living Fit TV Virgina Beach, VAIn Food Today TV Food network, New York, NYHealthA Healthy Perspective Marcus Cable Sheboygan, WICall the Doctor WFMZ Allentown, PAChanging Habits with Caryl Ehrlich Time Warner Cable of New York City-New York, NYFox for Health FNC-New York, NYFor your Health WTCI Chattanooga, TNGet the Facts Cabel TV of Kennebunk- Kennebunk, MEGetting Healthy TV Food Network New York, NYHealth Beat WTVE Reading, PAHealth Call WLAE New Orleans, LAHealth Matters Mestar Communication Allentown, PAHealth Today WMGM Concord, NJHealthy Living Fit TV Virgina Beach, VAHealthy TV Healthy Television Production New York, NYBIBLIOGRAPHYMogelonsky, Marcia: Eggs get RehabilitatedAmerican Demographics, pg. 30, August 1997ONeill, Molly: After the Fall: Humpty Dumpty Regains His ThroneThe New York Times, pg. F1, September 24, 1997Kolata, Gina: Scientists Ease Up On Fear of EggsThe New York Times, pg. F3, September 24, 1997The Lifestyle Market Analyst 1997 Chicago: 5RDS/Polk Co., 1997Bacons 1997 Media Directories Chicago: Bacons Information Inc., 1997www.usda.govwww.unitedegg.orgwww.cpit.gorwww.aeb.orgwww.fightbac.orgwww.enc-online.orgwww.jesadv.comAdditional Sources of Infromatio n* In-person interviews were conducted with members of the target audience